Endogenous paradigm speakers

In this study, we investigate whether modulation of CNS responses to palatable food consumption may be a mechanism by which GLP1 contributes to the central regulation of feeding. Study 1 included 20 healthy lean individuals and 20 obese patients with type 2 diabetes T2DM. Scans were performed on two occasions: during infusion of the GLP1 receptor antagonist exendin 9—39 blocking actions of endogenous GLP1 and during placebo infusion. Study 2 was a randomised, cross-over intervention study carried out in 20 T2DM patients, comparing treatment with liraglutide to insulin, after 10 days and 12 weeks. Our findings in healthy lean individuals indicate that endogenous GLP1 is involved in the central regulation of feeding by affecting central responsiveness to palatable food consumption.

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Content:

• Rethinking Growth: The Schumpeterian Perspective
• Endogenous orientation of visual attention in auditory space
• Posner cueing task
• Saliency-Driven Visual Search Performance in Toddlers With Low– vs High–Touch Screen Use
• INTRODUCTION
• Summary of All Sessions
• Endogenous Technology Choices and the Dynamics of Wage Inequality

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Rethinking Growth: The Schumpeterian Perspective

The experiment lasted approximately 60 minutes and all participants provided written informed consent. The apparatus and materials were identical in Experiment 1 and 2. Participants were seated in a soundproofed room which was controlled for light, sound, and temperature.

Tactile stimuli were presented using V solenoids 5 mm in diameter , to the finger pad of the middle fingers and thumbs. The solenoids were set into two wooden cubes 63mm x 50mm , each with two tactile stimulators 2.

The endogenous cue consisted of two different vibrations directing attention to the left or right. The exogenous cue was a 50 ms tap presented simultaneously to both the thumb and middle finger of either the left or right hand. Target stimuli consisted of a rapid 25 ms buzz 5 cycles of ON 3 ms and OFF 2 ms presented to one of the four possible locations, either up fingers or down thumbs to the left or right hand.

Responses were made into a centrally located microphone which measured RTs. White noise 58 dB SPL was continuously present through two speakers, each located in a direct line behind each cube, to mask any sounds made by the tactile stimulators.

Stimuli were presented and recorded using E-Prime. Participants were monitored via a video camera throughout the experiments for any head movements. An intercom system was used so the. The design and procedure were identical in Experiment 1 and 2 with the exception that in Experiment 1, the SOA between exogenous cue and target was ms and ms, and in Experiment 2, ms and ms.

Each experiment consisted of three factors; SOA Experiment 1; , ms, Experiment 2; ms, ms , Endogenous orienting valid, invalid , and Exogenous orienting valid, invalid. Each experiment consisted of two practice blocks of 40 trials each with 32 trials indicating the correct target location valid trials and on 8 trials cues were misleading invalid trials. In half of the endogenous valid trials 32 trials the exogenous cue was presented at the same side as the target, thus a trial with a valid endogenous and valid exogenous cue.

In the other half of the endogenous valid trials the exogenous cue was presented to the opposite side to the target, thus an endogenous valid and exogenous invalid trial. The exogenous cues were also equally weighted for the endogenous invalid trials. In half the endogenous invalid trials, the exogenous cue was presented to the same side as the target and on the other half the exogenous cue was presented to the opposite side to the target.

The presentation of all valid endogenous targets and valid exogenous targets were equally presented to the left and right. Further, on half of all trials the targets were presented to either the left or right middle finger up , and the other half the targets to the thumbs down. All trials were randomly presented in each block. Figure 2. Timeline in milliseconds of stimuli presentation during a typical trial: The endogenous cue Endo. The exogenous cue Exo. The target was a short buzz presented to the thumb or middle finger of the left or right hand.

Each trial started with one of two vibrations to all four stimulators indicating to which side the participant was to focus their endogenous attention. The endogenous cue was presented bilaterally. Following the off-set of the endogenous cue there was an inter-stimulus interval of ms before the presentation of the unilateral exogenous cue see Figure 2.

The participant was informed that this exogenous cue or distractor was to be ignored and appeared at random, equally often to the right and left. Following the off-set of the exogenous cue there was a varied inter-stimulus interval of , , , or ms prior to the presentation of the target.

The participant made a vocal discrimination, saying up if the target stimulus appeared to either middle finger, and down if the target was presented to either thumb.

Via an intercom system, the experimenter then coded their response on a keyboard in the adjacent room. Following the experimenters key-press, there was a random inter-trial interval between a minimum of ms and maximum of ms before the presentation of the endogenous cue. The factors included in the statistical analysis. The SOA factor only refers to the time interval between exogenous cue and target.

The time interval between endogenous and exogenous cues was always constant see Figure 2. Prior to analysis of main effects an error analysis was performed. Errors where participants did not respond were excluded.

These errors were likely due to the microphone not recording a response. Further, discrimination errors, e. RTs which were too slow or too fast were also filtered out. This was calculated individually for each participant where RTs greater than 1.

Response times in milliseconds to trials were the endogenous cue was valid or invalid, and the exogenous cue was valid or invalid. Experiment 1 included stimulus onset asynchronies SOAs between exogenous cue and target of ms and ms, and Experiment 2 included SOAs of ms and ms.

The SOA only refers to the time interval between exogenous cue and target. The time interval between endogenous and exogenous. This effect was also present in Experiment 2 where. The results from Study 2 indicated that when bilateral cues are used to direct endogenous attention then validly cued targets were facilitated, replicating the findings from Study 1.

Study 2 additionally demonstrated this endogenous effect continued to be robust at long SOAs between endogenous cue and target as it was present at SOAs over 2 seconds. A facilitation was also demonstrated when exogenous cues were valid, however, this effect was only present at short ms SOA whilst there was no exogenous attention effect at longer SOAs.

Moreover, there was no interaction between exogenous and endogenous attention at any SOA tested suggesting these mechanisms operate independently of each other. Study 2 — Endogenous and exogenous double-cueing paradigm In document Neural Correlates of Tactile Attention: Behavioural measures and event-related brain potentials of inhibition of return, exogenous and endogenous attention in touch Page An intercom system was used so the experimenter could hear the participants responses, and in turn code up or down on a keyboard in the adjacent room.

The factors included in the statistical analysis were Endogenous attention valid, invalid , Exogenous attention valid, invalid and SOA ms and ms in Experiment 1; ms and ms in Experiment 2.

In document Neural Correlates of Tactile Attention: Behavioural measures and event-related brain potentials of inhibition of return, exogenous and endogenous attention in touch Page

Endogenous orientation of visual attention in auditory space

The Posner cueing task , also known as the Posner paradigm , is a neuropsychological test often used to assess attention. Formulated by Michael Posner , [1] it assesses a person's ability to perform an attentional shift. It has been used and modified to assess disorders, focal brain injury , and the effects of both on spatial attention. Posner's spatial cueing task has been used to measure manual and eye-movement reaction times to target stimuli in order to investigate the effects of covert orienting of attention in response to different cue conditions. In the general paradigm, observers are seated in front of a computer screen at eye level, and instructed to fixate at a central point on the screen, marked by a dot or cross. To the left and right of the point are two boxes. For a brief period, a cue is presented on the screen.

Posner cueing task

Keynote Session 1: Nicholas A. Bayesian analysis of structural correlated unobserved components and identification via heteroskedasticity. Quo Vadis, Britain? A simple unit root test consistent against any stationary alternative. Are mobile money and bank accounts complementary? Modeling heterogeneity in firm-level return predictability with machine learning. You have been terminated: Robot Taxation and the Welfare State.

Saliency-Driven Visual Search Performance in Toddlers With Low– vs High–Touch Screen Use

Professor Rita Levi-Montalcini discovered Nerve Growth Factor NGF in , and many papers are published since, relating to this tremendously important milestone for the medical sciences. Much less is known about another milestone in molecular and clinical neurology she and her co-workers achieved. In the period her group identified the mechanism of action of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties activity of the endogenous fatty amide palmitoylethanolamide PEA. PEA is a molecule with tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory activities, widely present in plants, animals and man.

INTRODUCTION

The experiment lasted approximately 60 minutes and all participants provided written informed consent. The apparatus and materials were identical in Experiment 1 and 2. Participants were seated in a soundproofed room which was controlled for light, sound, and temperature. Tactile stimuli were presented using V solenoids 5 mm in diameter , to the finger pad of the middle fingers and thumbs. The solenoids were set into two wooden cubes 63mm x 50mm , each with two tactile stimulators 2. The endogenous cue consisted of two different vibrations directing attention to the left or right.

Summary of All Sessions

During toddlerhood, a peak period of neurocognitive development, increased exposure to sensory stimulation through touch screen use, may influence developing attentional control. The current study compared high— and low—touch screen users on a gaze-contingent visual search paradigm, 6 assessing exogenous, saliency-based attention single-feature trials , and endogenous attention control conjunction trials. Individuals aged 12 months were recruited from October to March as part of the TABLET project 5 and followed up longitudinally at 18 months and 3. Parents gave informed written consent, and the Birkbeck, University of London institutional review board approved this study. The visual search task was administered at 18 months and 3. Arrays were presented single feature [target red apple among blue apples; set sizes 5 and 9] or conjunction [target red apple among blue apples and slices of red apples; set sizes 5, 9, and 13; only set sizes matched across conditions were analyzed, ie, 5 and 9 for 4 seconds or until the target was fixated.

Endogenous Technology Choices and the Dynamics of Wage Inequality

Kim M. Verhoef, Ardi Roelofs, Dorothee J. J Cogn Neurosci ; 22 8 : —

How to build an endogenous development model? Sep 23, PM - PM. Session language English. Despite its indisputable status as a global asset in the fight against climate change and biodiversity loss, the Amazon region remains one of the poorest places on Earth.

Recent technological advancements in digital processing and miniaturization have made an inconspicuous and truly wearable prosthetic fluency enhancing device a reality. This manuscript provides an explanation of the fluency enhancing ASF phenomenon, and also discusses the prosthetic use of ASF from various theoretical perspectives. While fluency enhancing prosthetic devices have the potential of fundamentally altering how the stuttering disorder is managed, existing research already suggests that ASF is not a cure-all. Thus, it is suggested that choosing different types of stuttering managements is a personal decision based on the unique values and treatment objectives of each individual person who stutters. Although developmental stuttering is recognized as a chronic speech disorder with behaviors that are lessened or even eliminated in certain speaking conditions [4, 59, 66], a treatment offering the effortless elimination of stuttering behaviors spanning an entire lifetime has yet to be discovered [4, 59].

Visual consciousness is shaped by the interplay between endogenous selection and exogenous capture. In case of a misalignment, endogenous selection may be compromised as attentional capture is a strong and automatic process. We manipulated task-congruent versus -incongruent saliency in a functional magnetic resonance imaging change-detection task and analyzed brain activity patterns in the cortex surrounding the intraparietal sulcus IPS within the Julich-Brain probabilistic cytoarchitectonic mapping reference frame.