Bosse 2019

Phone: Fax: E-Mail: christian. Trippstadter Street Kaiserslautern, Germany. Since September Mr. Bosse is working as a research assistant at the Institute of Technology and Work. His current work focuses on the competence fields "Cooperation, Innovation and Strategy" and "Digitization".

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Content:

• Bosse Lagerqvist
• 2019 Football Roster
• 5 Star Rating
• Auteur: Bossé B.
• Gallery: 2019 Bosse Winter Classic basketball tournament
• Men's Swimming
• Conference Update: Chantal Bossé Returns for 2019
• Mathias Bosse
• 1/10 2019 Chevy Silverado Z71 Trail Boss Clear Body: Short Course
• Measuring the Impact of the COVID-19 Shutdown on Great Lakes Water Quality Using Remote Sensing

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: Bosse 2019

Bosse Lagerqvist

The states of Michigan and Ohio issued shutdown orders in mid-March in an attempt to slow the spread of the coronavirus COVID , resulting in widespread disruption to economic and human activity. This study, which was commissioned by NASA headquarters, utilized satellite remote sensing data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite sensor onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite to investigate whether these changes in activity led to any short-term changes in water quality in the Great Lakes region by comparing data to a historic baseline.

TSS concentrations in April were below the historic baseline in both basins, and largely remained low until September. However, this investigation found that the COVID shutdowns were likely not a direct driver of these short-term anomalies.

Instead, recent trends in the indicators and co-occurring anomalies in hydrological and meteorological conditions e. Future work will investigate whether the shutdowns have a long-term or delayed impact on Great Lakes water quality. It spread slowly at first but the number of infections began to grow rapidly: from 44 confirmed cases on January 3, to on January 20 World Health Organization [WHO], a and over 9, confirmed cases in 20 countries by the end of January, prompting the World Health Organization WHO to issue a public health emergency of international concern World Health Organization [WHO], b.

Despite efforts to slow its spread, both states experienced a rapid increase in infections and deaths in the ensuing weeks, leading the governors of both states to issue temporary shutdown orders beginning on March 23rd in Ohio Ohio Department of Health, and 24th in Michigan State of Michigan, b.

During these shutdowns, most economic activity was shut down and people were encouraged to stay at home. An analysis of mobile device data revealed that mobility decreased during the social distancing periods throughout both Michigan and Ohio Garnier et al. Initially intended to last just a few weeks, the shutdowns were extended several times as the disease continued to spread. Even as the shutdowns began to be lifted in the summer of , many industries remained closed or opened at limited capacities Bischoff, ; Hutchinson, Shutdowns were a common approach used throughout the United States and in other nations.

In addition to slowing the spread of COVID, there have been numerous reports of these shutdowns having a significant environmental impact. Several studies found that the declines in activity, including reduced vehicular traffic and industrial emissions, resulted in air quality improvements in parts of India, Italy, and Southeast Asia Collivignarelli et al.

Other studies identified improvements in marine and inland water quality coinciding with the periods of reduced activity. Many of these studies utilized remote sensing data in their analyses due to its ability to collect data at broad spatial and temporal scales and because it can be acquired without the potential health risks of in situ sampling.

Multiple studies used Landsat 8 imagery to identify significant decreases in suspended particulate matter SPM, used as an indicator of water pollution in Indian inland waters Aman et al. These decreases were speculated to be due to reductions in industrial and tourism-related pollution as a result of the COVID shutdowns.

Another study utilized a selection of Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Imagery OLCI images and identified a reduction in chlorophyll- a CHL concentrations in the coastal waters off of India extending over km off shore in places which was attributed to shutdown-related changes in urban and atmospheric nutrient deposition Mishra et al. An analysis of Sentinel-2 imagery revealed improvements in water clarity in the Venice Lagoon due to the reduction in public transit and tourism-related boat traffic and a decline in wastewater discharge due to the lack of tourists Braga et al.

Finally, Cherif et al. However, these studies either used a single image from multiple years or multiple images from a single year to define the historic normal, potentially biasing their results if the images selected did not adequately represent the true normal state of the study areas.

As in the regions described above, human activity has been shown to have a large impact on water quality in the Great Lakes region, especially in regard to nutrient inputs. In response to widespread eutrophication in the lakes, the bi-national Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement GLWQA was signed in which resulted in significant reductions in point source nutrient inputs, largely due to improvements in wastewater treatment plants Watson et al. These improvements in municipal wastewater treatment likely limit the impact of reductions in urban runoff which were hypothesized to cause some of the water quality improvements in India and Morocco.

In the five counties surrounding SBLH, this results in annual discharges of untreated or partially treated wastewater between 0. Rao and Schwab also note the occurrence of storm sewers draining directly into the Great Lakes which can impact the nearshore nutrient levels The enhanced spatial and temporal sampling capabilities provided by remote sensing have helped further develop the link between anthropogenic forcing and water quality in the region Michalak et al.

Because of the greater optical complexity of these waters relative to the open ocean Bukata, ; Sayers et al. Algorithms have been developed to study a range of parameters, including the concentrations of color producing agents i. The goal of this study is to use satellite imagery to understand whether the widespread disruptions caused by the COVID pandemic had an observable impact on Great Lakes water quality.

Due to the GLWQA-driven improvements to the municipal water treatment systems, it is unlikely that the shutdown-driven decrease in industrial activity would have a notable impact on the nutrient loads to the study areas. However, there are other ways in which nutrient loading could be impacted by the shutdowns. The transition to working at home and ceasing of most urban activity will shift some of the wastewater treatment loads from the highly effective municipal treatment plants to at-home septic systems which are more likely to release un-treated wastewater into the environment.

Additionally, potential changes to the agricultural calendar, including the timing of plantings or fertilizer applications, could impact the nutrient loads.

Because in situ sampling was heavily restricted due to the pandemic, this study used remote sensing to investigate the presence of any short-term water quality anomalies in the Great Lakes region that may be due to the COVID shutdowns. For this analysis, short-term anomalies are defined as anomalies that become apparent in the weeks to months following the shutdowns. The analysis focused on water quality parameters which had been observed to be impacted elsewhere, including the concentrations of CHL and total suspended solids TSS and photic zone depth PZD was used as an indicator of water clarity.

Figure 1. Much of the anthropogenic impact is driven by nutrient-rich runoff from heavily farmed watersheds and the nearby population centers Michalak et al. The SBLH coastline also consists of an extensive wetlands system which serves as a highly effective nutrient sink Wynne et al. Table 1. The water quality metrics used for this study were derived from remote sensing imagery. Despite its coarse resolution, the VIIRS sensor has been used to study water quality in the Great Lakes due to its high temporal resolution Binding et al.

Data was acquired at Level 1, with no atmospheric corrections having been applied, along with the corresponding geo-location files. Atmospheric correction has been a key concern in freshwater remote sensing Binding et al. Shuchman et al. The fixed model pair approach tested in their analysis performed well in each setting and produced the most accurate reflectance in intense HAB scenarios, where other correction techniques interpreted the elevated near infrared reflectance associated with near-surface HABs as atmospheric contamination Shuchman et al.

This algorithm uses lake-specific parameterizations based on the range of observed inherent optical properties IOPs and has been shown to produce reliable results Shuchman et al. Briefly, bulk absorption and backscatter are derived from the CPA-A retrievals and used to estimate the light attenuation coefficient at nm Kd using methods proposed by Lee et al.

While the water quality algorithms used in this analysis were specifically calibrated for the Great Lakes, significant changes in water quality due to the COVID shutdowns could render these prior calibrations obsolete and add uncertainty to the retrievals. Due to COVID restrictions, there is limited in situ data available from early in order to validate the derived water quality metrics. This data, which included extracted CHL concentrations and Secchi disk depths, were acquired from the NOAA-GLERL website 5 and used to assess the performance of the remote sensing algorithms in light of the potential water quality changes.

Summary statistics for these observations are reported in Table 2. Because both the in situ and remotely sensed CHL retrievals have associated uncertainty, the relationship between the two variables was assessed using type II linear regression with the lmodel2 package in R Legendre, While Secchi disk depth and PZD are fundamentally different metrics, both are indicators of water clarity and have been shown to be related Lee et al. For this analysis, the correlation between remote sensing-derived PZD and in situ Secchi disk depth was used to assess the general accuracy of the remote sensing product and its ability to track changes in water clarity.

Table 2. For each of the remote sensing-derived metrics, data from was compared to a historical baseline in order to assess change.

The immediate impacts of the shutdowns were evaluated by comparing data from April to April data from prior years. April was chosen because both the Michigan and Ohio shutdowns were in place for the duration of the month and this also coincided with when the social distancing mobility decreases were peaking Garnier et al.

The metrics were also evaluated in day windows from March 1 through the end of the year to assess whether any water quality changes identified during April were present prior to the shutdowns or continued as the shutdowns began to be lifted. Two filters were applied to the remote sensing-derived data before generating the day and monthly composites. Composite maps were generated in the same way for both day windows and monthly data. For each year in the study period — , composite maps were generated by calculating the mean of all images from that year within the given date range.

To assess the historical significance of the observed post-shutdown water quality, the basin-wide median values from to were compared to those from April using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test Wilcoxon, with an alpha value of 0.

Historic baseline composite maps were generated by calculating the mean of all — images within the given date range. Anomaly maps were then calculated for each analysis period by comparing the composite to the historic baseline composite. For each pixel in the study region, the anomaly was derived as the percent change from the baseline to the metric value calculated as the difference between the and baseline values divided by the baseline value, and multiplied by A positive anomaly indicated that the metric value was elevated relative to the historic baseline.

This requirement was put in place in order to avoid seemingly anomalous data points caused by sparse data coverage. For each day window, the mean and standard deviation of HAB extent from past years were calculated to determine the historic baseline. Non-remote sensing-derived explanatory indicators included river discharge and wind speed which have been shown to impact sediment loading and HAB growth Rao and Schwab, ; Stumpf et al.

Baseline — and metrics, as well as anomalies day and April were calculated for each of the explanatory indicators using the same methods as for the water quality indicators. The in situ CHL concentrations within these 20 matchups ranged from 1. Figure 2. Comparisons between remote sensing estimates and in situ measurements in Panel B shows the comparison between remotely sensed photic zone depth PZD and in situ Secchi disk depth.

The annual time series of basin-wide median April indicator values calculated from the annual April composite maps were used to assess how water quality immediately after the shutdown began compared to prior years and whether the values were a continuation of a trend that preceded the COVID pandemic Figure 3. Using these plotted values, a statistical comparison was made between the observations and those from prior years in the study record. Of all the metrics investigated, only SBLH CHL Figure 3B had a value falling more than two standard deviations away from the — mean, though this metric also appears to be in the midst of a multi-year increasing trend that pre-dates the pandemic.

The TSS indicators for both basins fell within the two standard deviation window but were also at the low-end of the recent historic range after experiencing a steady decline in the past 3—4 years Figures 3C,D , with the inverse being true for PZD Figures 3E,F. Figure 3. Median April indicator values plotted over the sensor data record — Table 3. Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistics W and p -values in parentheses for the analyses comparing basin-wide median metric values from April — to values.

Mapping the anomaly data revealed spatial variability across each study basin Figure 4. Median basin-wide April anomaly values for each primary indicator are displayed in Table 4. Figure 4. All maps are scaled from blue large negative anomaly to red large positive anomaly.

Much of the spatial variability observed in Figure 4 appeared to be related to proximity to the major river mouths. Plotting the April water quality anomalies against this distance reveals several distinct relationships Figure 5.

The trends in WBLE are slightly more complex due to the presence of two major rivers flowing into the basin. However, both indicators experience a strong negative anomaly just outside of that range, with concentrations moving toward the historic baseline as distance increases. The trends relative to the Detroit River are more clear, with the strongest negative anomalies occurring near the river mouth and gradually increasing with distance Figures 5B,E.

Figure 5. The distances are binned in 5-km increments. The water quality trends observed in April were generally also present throughout the year, as seen in the day anomaly time series Figure 6.

2019 Football Roster

Projects Prediction of non-functional properties of IT-services. Sascha Bosse. Position: Associated researcher. Email: sascha.

5 Star Rating

Bosse is also the name of his backup band. In , Bosse released their first single "Kraft". Soon after, they performed in a farewell tour for Such a Surge. After the tour ended in April , they released their first album, Kamikazeherz. This album achieved considerable success at that time, with the revival of German rock. On 28 July , the band released their second album, Guten Morgen Spinner , with the accompanying single "Die Irritierten". Before the album, the band left their label, EMI. In collaboration with Jochen Naaf, Bosse produced the record themselves.

Auteur: Bossé B.

Standing still is not his thing. BOSSE is whirling again! On his seventh! Axel Bosse captures moods and feelings, condenses them into songs.

Gallery: 2019 Bosse Winter Classic basketball tournament

Stine Bosse is a Danish businesswoman with a global mindset. She has distinguished herself by her dedication to ambitious company goals, growth and sustainability and by the remarkable results she has achieved through strong leadership, clear governance and efficient turnarounds. Today Stine Bosse works full-time as board member in international orientated companies. Successful loyalty programs, digitization and growth in top and bottom line are the key issues associated with her career in operational and top management. Stine Bosse has a high ranking within the financial sector and her success with turnarounds, listing and establishing effective Risk and Revision Committees has been widely required across various industries. Stine is considered an inspirational thinker on leadership and innovation, and she is recognized for her approach to diversity, customer focus and organizational involvement and for her direct and no-nonsense communication.

Men's Swimming

Holotype species : Amphisbetema indica J. Agardh Weber Bosse. Original publication and holotype designation : Weber-van Bosse, A. Marine algae. Rhodophyceae, of the "Sealark" Expedition, collected by Mr. Stanley Gardiner, M.

Conference Update: Chantal Bossé Returns for 2019

This 20 minute soundtrack builds on a singular bell ring that is synthesized and layered over itself becoming increasingly urgent, rhythmic and complex. The music plays with notions of duality; contrasting meditative sounds with temporal, frenetic and mechanical phrases. By reversing the reverb the ring mimics breathing whilst the clicking metronome, a sped up heart beat, asserts a sense of order that the music constantly refutes by falling in and out of sync with it.

Mathias Bosse

RELATED VIDEO: Kevin Bosse 2019

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. The Lofoten Basin is the largest oceanic reservoir of heat in the Nordic Seas, and the site of important heat fluxes to the atmosphere. An intense permanent anticyclone in the basin impacts the regional hydrography, energetics, and ecosystem.

1/10 2019 Chevy Silverado Z71 Trail Boss Clear Body: Short Course

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Measuring the Impact of the COVID-19 Shutdown on Great Lakes Water Quality Using Remote Sensing

The season is the second for Tyler Bosse, who works for the Trojan coaching as a defensive assistant. Bosse saw time in 27 games for Taylor during his playing career, picking up 20 receptions for yards and one score from his tight end position. Bosse closed his playing career in and graduated from Taylor in with a degree in social studies education.