Speaker dependent characteristics of the nasals watch
After reading this chapter the student will be able to:. As we stated in Chapter 1, some surveys indicate that many people claim to fear public speaking more than death, but this finding is somewhat misleading. No one is afraid of writing their speech or conducting the research. Instead, people generally only fear the delivery aspect of the speech, which, compared to the amount of time you will put into writing the speech days, hopefully , will be the shortest part of the speech giving process minutes, generally, for classroom speeches. The irony, of course, is that delivery, being the thing people fear the most, is simultaneously the aspect of public speaking that will require the least amount of time. Consider this scenario about two students, Bob and Chris.
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FACTS ABOUT SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY
This paper demonstrates a new quantitative approach to examine cross-linguistically shared and language-specific sound symbolism in languages. Unlike most previous studies taking a hypothesis-testing approach, we employed a data mining approach to uncover unknown sound-symbolic correspondences in the domain of locomotion, without limiting ourselves to pre-determined sound-meaning correspondences. In the experiment, we presented 70 locomotion videos to Japanese and English speakers and asked them to create a sound symbolically matching word for each action.
Participants also rated each action on five meaning variables. Multivariate analyses revealed cross-linguistically shared and language-specific sound-meaning correspondences within a single semantic domain.
The present research also established that a substantial number of sound-symbolic links emerge from conventionalized form-meaning mappings in the native languages of the speakers. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The arbitrary relationship between sound and meaning has long been considered an important principle of language [ 1 ]. However, words whose sounds are motivated by their meanings are widely found across languages. Sound symbolism, an iconically motivated link between the sound of a word and its meaning, is not limited to words in this special lexical class.
When presented with a curvy shape and a spiky shape, most respondents preferred the curvy shape as a referent of maluma and the angular shape as a referent of takete. A key unanswered question pertinent to sound symbolism is its universality. On the other hand, not every case of sound symbolism was shown to be universally detectable. For example, Iwasaki, Vinson, and Vigliocco examined whether English speakers could detect the meanings of Japanese mimetics i.
More recent studies demonstrated cross-linguistically shared sound symbolism and language-specific sound symbolism are both present within a language.
Dingemanse and colleagues examined whether all mimetics are uniformly sound-symbolic across different semantic domains [ 7 ]. In their experiment, mimetics were sampled from five semantic domains sound, motion, texture, shape, and visual appearance in five languages Japanese, Korean, Semai, Siwu, and Ewe. Each mimetic was presented to Dutch participants who were not familiar with any of these languages. The participants were then asked to guess the meaning of each word in a forced-choice task.
The success rates varied considerably across different semantic domains; the mimetics in the sound domain were easily mapped to the original meanings, but those in other domains e. These findings suggest that some semantic domains are more apt for sound symbolism than others. However, other factors such as phonetic features might also affect the accessibility of sound-meaning associations. Shinohara and Kawahara examined how images of size were correlated with three different phonetic factors voicing of obstruents, vowel backness, and vowel height in four languages Chinese, English, Japanese, and Korean [ 12 ].
They reported that vowel backness was associated with largeness in all languages; in contrast, voicing contributed to the image of largeness in Chinese, English, and Japanese, but not in Korean, suggesting that the accessibility of sound-meaning associations may vary even in widely attested size-sound symbolism.
In this research, we investigate the nature of sound symbolism shared across different languages and sound symbolism specific to a particular language in fine granularity, adopting a multivariate data-mining approach. The majority of previous psychological studies on sound symbolism, including well-established shape-sound symbolism and size-sound symbolism, have been conducted in search for universally shared sound symbolism.
However, these methods are limited in at least three ways when looking for universal and language-specific sound symbolism. First, it is difficult to a priori determine how many sound patterns and meaning dimensions should be chosen to illuminate the whole system of sound symbolism. The structure of sound symbolism has not been well described for a number of semantic domains.
For example, Kawahara and Shinohara argue that abrupt acoustic changes are associated with emotions that involve an abrupt onset e. However, these studies examined only a limited number of sound-meaning links.
Second, it is not clear at what level of abstraction sound and meaning should be analyzed [ 19 ]. A majority of studies on sound symbolism have adopted phonetic features as a unit of sound in their sound-symbolic analysis [ 12 , 20 , 21 ], but some researchers have used larger or smaller units of sound, such as the mora e.
A similar problem can be noted for the analysis of meaning as well. This means that, when we examine the correspondences between sounds and meanings, it is not clear on what basis particular semantic dimensions should be singled out.
Third, when participants were asked to choose a sound-symbolically matching word for a given visual stimulus in a forced-choice task, their success rates were greatly affected by particular sounds used in the target word and the foil [ 7 , 20 ]. However, when different word pairs were used e. To circumvent these limitations and uncover latent sound symbolism, we propose a new methodology in which a bottom-up approach which explores what kinds of sounds and meanings are linked in a language and a top-down hypothesis-testing approach, which tested whether the links detected by the bottom-up exploration are shared or not shared across different languages.
They found that a considerable proportion of basic words tended to bear specific sound segments. Furthermore, the sound-meaning associations uncovered in the study included the associations that had not been reported in previous research e. In the present study, we propose a different bottom-up approach, which used a production-elicitation task, where participants created words that best describe a given set of visual stimuli. One advantage of the production-elicitation method over the corpus-based method is that it allows us to investigate the relationship between sounds and meanings in a target semantic domain directly and in much finer ways than the corpus-based approach.
Since participants can use any possible combinations of phonemes, we are able to determine which level of sound properties e. Given a large variation observed in sound-symbolic words across different languages, sounds and meanings are expected to involve many-to-many, rather than one-to-one, mappings [ 25 — 27 ]. As we describe in more detail below, employing the Canonical Correlation Analysis CCA enables us to deal with this type of mappings.
We aimed to find sound-meaning correspondences native speakers of English and Japanese recruit in the domain of motion. Japanese and English largely differ in the significance of sound-symbolic words in the lexicon. Japanese has a class of mimetic words, which are characterized by a set of morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic features [ 2 , 28 , 29 ].
Mimetics in Japanese are productive in that novel mimetic words are very often coined to create new sound-symbolic effects. In contrast, English does not have a lexical class dedicated to sound symbolism, although phonesthemes involve non-arbitrary sound-meaning correspondences some scholars regard as sound-symbolic [ 22 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].
Moreover, mimetics in English are considered mostly onomatopoeic e. If we find common sound-meaning mappings between speakers of English and speakers of Japanese despite these differences in their lexical systems, they could be good candidates for broadly applied sound symbolism across different languages in the world.
We chose human locomotion as the domain of our empirical investigation because it is one of the domains in which sound-symbolic words are frequently found across languages, including Basque, Emai, Indonesian, Korean, and Japanese [ 32 — 37 ].
Furthermore, this domain is likely to contain both cross-linguistically shared and language-specific sound symbolism [ 7 ]. The participants from both language groups first rated the video clips on five semantic scales i.
The analyses were carried out in two steps. In Step 1, by using the Canonical Correlational Analysis, we investigated the systems of sound symbolism in Japanese and English speakers' responses.
In Step 2, we tested whether the detected sound-meaning links found in Canonical Correlation Analysis are shared between the two languages by statistical mixed effect models.
This study was approved by the ethics committee at Keio University 24 on July 28, The written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the experiment. In each video, a person was walking or running from left to right in a certain manner. Eight Japanese actors, 4 males and 4 females, moved in various manners that were possible exemplars of locomotions that could be expressed by 44 Japanese mimetics e. As we report in detail later, there was no significant difference in the difficulty for English and Japanese speakers to generate novel words from the videos based on Japanese mimetics and those based on English verbs.
For the rating task, five point semantic-differential scales from 1 to 11 were used. These scales were selected following Iwasaki et al. Iwasaki et al. It is possible that the semantic dimensions in the current study are correlated with each other in a similar way to Iwasaki et al.
As we describe later, we will use a multivariate analysis to capture not only whether each of the five meaning variables contributes to motion-sound symbolism, but also how these meaning variables are correlated with one another.
This method should allow us to uncover not only sound-meaning mappings but also the relationships among sounds and among meanings. Thirty Japanese speakers and 27 English speakers, all undergraduate students enrolled in Keio University and the University of Birmingham, respectively, participated in the experiment. The Japanese participants have some knowledge of English, but do not use it regularly and hence were not fluent in it.
The English participants did not know Japanese. The participants in both language groups first saw the 70 videos presented in a random order, and evaluated each of them on the five semantic-differential scales. After the rating task, they watched the videos again in a different randomized order and created a novel sound-symbolic word for each video clip. The participants were required the rating task prior to the word creation task, so that participants would not think that they should rate the semantic dimensions for the meaning of created words rather than the motions.
The participants were asked to present only one word per video see Appendix for the precise instruction given in the two languages. In the current study, both Japanese and English participants were instructed to create CVCV-shaped words that intuitively matched the motion in the video clips.
We restricted their responses to the CVCV form, which is familiar to Japanese speakers but less so to English speakers. There were two reasons for this decision. Furthermore, Japanese does not allow any consonant cluster in the onset of a syllable. In order to give comparable degrees of freedom to English and Japanese speakers, we limited ourselves to words with two open syllables.
Some readers may be worried that forcing English-speakers to produce words in the unfamiliar CVCV may hinder them from recruiting their natural sense of sound symbolism.
However, we found that the phonological pattern of produced words in the current study was virtually the same as that in spoken English in corpora, with the correlation value as high as. So we believe that the negative influence from this manipulation was minimum see Analysis 1 in the Result section below for more details. The English-speaking participants were additionally asked to pronounce the novel words they typed, as the actual pronunciations of the words might not be obvious from the English-based spellings.
We obtained words from Japanese participants and words from English participants. Also excluded were words that were identical to, or apparently derived from, existing nouns or verbs e. A total of 1, Japanese and 1, English words were retained after the data cleaning procedure and were submitted to analysis.
Six phonetic features were used for Japanese and English. The coding was carried out by two native speakers of English and two native speakers of Japanese. All of them majored in psycholinguistics at the graduate school of Keio University or Birmingham University. The results were also checked by two of the second and fourth authors. Separate data matrices were prepared for English and Japanese.
In each matrix, each row represents a novel word token produced by participants for a given video stimulus, and five columns represent the five meaning variables for the video stimulus.
Additional columns represent phonetic features for the word seven columns for Japanese and six for English. To establish the validity of the data, we first checked whether the number of excluded words was equally distributed over the 70 videos.
The average of excluded words per video was 5. As noted earlier, the number of videos based on English verbs 26 was smaller than the number of videos based on Japanese mimetics
Laureate Professor Roger Smith
This paper demonstrates a new quantitative approach to examine cross-linguistically shared and language-specific sound symbolism in languages. Unlike most previous studies taking a hypothesis-testing approach, we employed a data mining approach to uncover unknown sound-symbolic correspondences in the domain of locomotion, without limiting ourselves to pre-determined sound-meaning correspondences. In the experiment, we presented 70 locomotion videos to Japanese and English speakers and asked them to create a sound symbolically matching word for each action. Participants also rated each action on five meaning variables.
The Best Sleep-Tracking App
Sleep is mysterious. But sleep-tracking apps promise to help you understand when you cross the threshold between waking and sleeping—and what happens in between. For people who want an uncomplicated interface with an intuitive design, we recommend SleepScore which works a lot better with iPhones than with Android phones as well as Sleep Cycle which is as compatible with Android models as it is with iPhones. But you can use them to glean trends and patterns, which may help you improve your sleep over time. This is the most intuitive and convenient app we tested and the only one that gives detailed recommendations for improving sleep. If you have an iPhone or a compatible Android phone , we think SleepScore iOS , Android will do the best job of helping you improve your sleep. It allows you to set sleep goals and gives actionable advice for reaching them. It also provides more detailed sleep-stage data than most other apps, and in our tests, its smart alarm did a pretty good job of waking us up slowly, so we felt less groggy. The free version provides general sleep advice and a record of your sleep for seven days at a time.
The phonetics of Paici vowels
Updated daily, the Critical Care Reviews Journal Watch is the only platform to keep you current across the entire medical literature. Every Sunday night the week's output is sent to registered users via the Critical Care Reviews Newsletter. Electroencephalography of mechanically ventilated patients at high risk of delirium. Acta Neurol Scand ;epublished May 5th.
Speaker Classification I
How we deliver a speech is just as important, if not more so, than the basic message we are trying to convey to an audience. After all, your speech is carefully planned, researched, and polished. It is committed safely to paper and hard drive. After all the work of building such a message, you might wish that you could simply read it to the audience. However, this is the case in only a few kinds of circumstances: when the message is highly technical, complex, and extremely important as in a new medical discovery ; when international protocols and etiquette are crucially important and the world is listening; or when the speaker is representing a high-ranking person, such as a president or a king, who is unable to be present.
Critical Care Reviews Journal Watch
This paper presents results of a phonetic study of the vowel system of Paici, an Austronesian language of central New Caledonia. The Paici vowel system is of phonetic interest for both its three-way lexical tone contrast, rare among Austronesian languages, and its relatively large inventory of both oral and nasalized vowels. The large number of nasalized vowels is rare not only from an Austronesian perspective, but also is typologically atypical throughout the world. This paper focuses on the analysis of qualitative aspects of both the oral and nasalized vowels of Paici. It is shown that vowel qualities posited in previous research on Paici are phonetically differentiated, with the contrast between certain nasalized vowels being more subtle than the contrast involving their oral counterparts.
What Are the Qualities of a Voice?
The editors of JAMA recognize the challenges, concerns, and frustration about the shortage of personal protective equipment PPE that is affecting the care of patients and safety of health care workers in the US and around the world. We are interested in suggestions, recommendations, and potential actions from individuals who have relevant experience, especially from physicians, other health care professionals, and administrators in hospitals and other clinical settings. JAMA is inviting immediate suggestions, which can be added as online comments to this article. Note: The online version displays comments from the initial publication.
Historical linguistic minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France [8] and Germany, and in Indonesia, [n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined. Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English [n 5] and is colloquially said to be "roughly in between" them. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands. English is the only language to use the adjective Dutch for the language of the Netherlands and Flanders or something else from the Netherlands. In this sense, it meant "the language of the common people". The term was used as opposed to Latin , the non -native language of writing and the Catholic Church.
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Describe the voice of someone you know. A narrator or a voice actor, maybe. What about your favorite singer?
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