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- Pocket AVR Programmer
- Using Scene Viewer to display interactive 3D models in AR from an Android app or browser
- The Best AV Receivers for Most People
- The best AV receivers in 2021
- Apple AirPlay 2: compatible devices, features and how to use it
- Google Chromecast Audio Alternatives (The Best Options)
- Recent advances in aortic valve replacement
- Denon AVR-X550BT 5.2ch 4K UHD AV Receiver with Bluetooth
Pocket AVR Programmer
Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease, a devastating problem worldwide. This fungus has caused breakdown of resistance conferred by newly developed commercial cultivars. To address how the rice blast fungus adapts itself to new resistance genes so quickly, we examined chromosomal locations of AVR-Pita , a subtelomeric gene family corresponding to the Pita resistance gene, in various isolates of M.
When expressed in M. AVR-Pita was flanked by a retrotransposon, which presumably contributed to its multiple translocation across the genome. On the other hand, family member AVR-Pita3 , which lacks avirulence activity, was stably located on chromosome 7 in a vast majority of isolates.
These results suggest that the diversification in genome location of AVR-Pita in the rice isolates is a consequence of recognition by Pita in rice. We propose a model that the multiple translocation of AVR-Pita may be associated with its frequent loss and recovery mediated by its transfer among individuals in asexual populations. This model implies that the high mobility of AVR-Pita is a key mechanism accounting for the rapid adaptation toward Pita.
Dynamic adaptation of some fungal plant pathogens may be achieved by deletion and recovery of avirulence genes using a population as a unit of adaptation. Rice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae , is a serious threat to global rice production. Dozens of resistance genes are available for disease control, but the fungus rapidly evolves to overcome a resistance gene within 2 or 3 years in the field.
Resistance gene breakdown involves mutation of the avirulence effector so that it is no longer recognized by the resistance gene product. We describe evolutionary processes associated with the subtelomeric avirulence effector AVR-Pita corresponding to rice resistance gene Pita.
Comparing individuals in the asexual fungal population infecting rice, AVR-Pita has frequently been translocated to different chromosomes, including unstable supernumerary chromosomes. AVR-Pita occurs at different chromosomal localizations in populations from weeds and millet crops lacking Pita , but this location is stable in individuals of each population.
Family member AVR-Pita3 , which lacks a corresponding rice resistance gene, shows extremely stable localization on a single chromosome throughout all host-adapted populations of the pathogen. Translocation of AVR-Pita might be associated with the frequent transfer of this gene between individuals in the asexual pathogen population responding to selection by sporadic deployment of Pita.
PLoS Pathog 7 7 : e This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Breeding for disease resistance is a cost-effective, labor-saving, and environmentally sound crop protection strategy. Cultivar resistance [1] conferred by major genes has been extensively used for breeding in many crop species. However, newly developed resistant cultivars have frequently been rendered ineffective within a few years after their release to farmer's fields [2] , [3]. This breakdown of resistance has been caused by rapid adaptation of the pathogen, that is, evolution of new races that overcome the introduced resistance genes.
The wide cultivation of a new cultivar with a major resistance gene and its breakdown by a new race has been called the boom-and-bust cycle [4]. The primary question is how plant pathogens adapt themselves to new resistance genes so quickly. The rapid evolution of new races is attributed to rapid loss of function of avirulence effector genes that correspond to the resistance genes in a gene-for-gene manner [5]. Loss of the avirulence function can be due to point mutations, including repeat-induced point mutations [6] , [7] , insertions of transposable elements, or deletions of entire genes [8].
Extensive surveys of large natural populations of some fungal pathogens revealed that deletion of avirulence genes is a common mechanism of evolution towards virulence [7] , [9] , [10]. Then, the second question arises: how is a system involving continuous gene loss being sustained? Fungal populations often regain expelled avirulence genes after varieties containing the corresponding resistance genes are removed from the field [e. A simple explanation for the recovery is that isolates carrying the avirulence gene had survived as a minor race in the field during the prevalent cultivation of a resistant cultivar carrying its corresponding resistance gene.
Then, when planting of the resistant cultivar came to a halt, their population increased again owing to the contribution of the avirulence gene to fitness. An alternative explanation is that isolates carrying the avirulence gene migrated from regions where the resistance gene had not been deployed.
Sexual recombination would allow isolates that have undergone deletion of an avirulence gene to regain that gene, but pathogens such as the rice blast fungus are predominantly asexual in the field. It is of interest to understand if asexually-reproducing pathogen populations have a mechanism to regain deleted avirulence genes. The genus Pyricularia is the causal agent of blast diseases of monocot species. This genus includes several morphological species such as P.
The P. CE pathogenic on Cenchrus spp. The most familiar species, P. Finally, Oryza isolates and Setaria isolates include various races which show different patterns of avirulence on cultivars of rice and foxtail millet, respectively [16]. Extensive population analyses of mating type distribution, sexual fertility, and genotypic diversity indicate that Oryza isolates responsible for rice blast disease are limited to asexual reproduction in most areas of the world [17].
As with other host-pathogen systems, deletion of P. Several studies confirmed that deletion of AVR-Pita is a common mechanism for overcoming resistance in the field, although point mutations and insertions of transposable elements also lead to virulence [28] , [33] — [36]. AVR-Pita , which corresponds to the rice resistance gene Pita , is a subtelomeric gene located adjacent to a telomere on chromosome 3 , and it undergoes frequent spontaneous mutation in laboratory studies [28].
AVR-Pita encodes a protein with features typical of zinc metalloproteases, and the putative mature protease is predicted to bind directly to the cognate Pita protein [37] inside a plant cell to initiate hypersensitive resistance [38]. Recently, Khang et al. In this report we describe the process of evolution of the AVR-Pita family during the course of speciation and parasitic specialization of the genus Pyricularia based on analysis of morphological species, cryptic species, host-specific subgroups, and races of the rice blast pathogen.
We focused on chromosomal locations of the AVR-Pita family for two reasons. First, Orbach et al. This strategy for avoiding the host recognition seemed similar to that adopted by animal parasites such as Trypanosoma brucei , a causal agent of African sleeping sickness [40] — [42] , and Plasmodium falciparum , a causal agent of malaria.
Extraordinary diversity of var genes, produced by telomere-mediated ectopic recombination, makes it possible for the malaria parasite to evade attack by the host immune system [44]. This recombination can be associated with movement of var genes to new chromosome ends [44]. Second, based on differences in stability of the AVR-Pita gene among different fungal strains, Orbach et al.
This model implies that the high mobility of an avirulence gene is a key mechanism accounting for the rapid adaptation toward its corresponding resistance gene and that the system of continuous loss of an avirulence gene is sustained by its recovery from other individuals.
These isolates are listed in Table S1 with their code names, original hosts, place and year of isolation, etc. The code name e. Taking results with the five restriction enzymes together, copy numbers in individual isolates and RFLP types of these copies were determined.
Blots of the Acl I digests are shown in Figure 1 as examples. Oryza isolates of P. PO was common among Indonesian isolates. AVR-Pita or its homologs were also detected in other host-specific subgroups of P. Hybridizing fragments in P. Homologous fragments in P. When plotted on the phylogenic tree of Pyricularia spp.
This result suggests that AVR-Pita arose during the early stage of evolution of this species complex. It should be noted that P. To map the AVR-Pita homologs and determine which confer avirulence, a linkage analysis was performed using an F 1 population derived from a cross between OJ and OC [45]. When segregation data for J1, J2, and CH were combined with those of molecular markers reported by Luo et al.
Using data from Luo et al. Therefore, J2 appeared to be a functional avirulence gene confirmed by transformation assay as described later. This led us to a hypothesis that AVR-Pita might have frequently been translocated to different chromosomal locations. Yashiro-mochi Pita carrier determined by infection assay AvrPita , enclosed in an open oval were combined with those of genetic markers reported by Luo et al.
A chromosome 4 — specific marker is indicated by an asterisk. Chromosome 6 — specific markers [47] are indicated by asterisks. Letters at the end of the markers s and t represent parents they are derived from. Open arrowheads indicate restriction fragments inherited in a non-Mendelian manner. Si Si-6I cosegregated completely with a telomere marker that was located on a linkage group carrying chromosome 6 — specific markers reported by Nitta et al.
This result suggests that Si Si-6I resides in a subtelomeric region of chromosome 6. However, two telomere fragments 7.
Interestingly, the 2. To further survey variation in AVR-Pita -containing chromosomes in Pyricularia isolates, 66 isolates were chosen from the P. Electrophoretic karyotypes varied in Oryza isolates Figure 3A , left as reported previously [49] , [50]. When the gel was blotted and probed with APita, various sized chromosomes were detected Figure 3B , left , suggesting that AVR-Pita homologs were located on different chromosomes in different field isolates.
In contrast, hybridization with a chromosome 7 — specific marker T1A11, Kobe University showed that this smallest essential chromosome was approximately 3.
Black arrowheads indicate chromosomal bands that hybridized to a chromosome 7 — specific cosmid marker, T1A11 see Figure 4A , in C. C The location of chromosome 7. The membrane in B was reprobed with the chromosome 7 — specific cosmid marker, T1A In contrast to Oryza isolates, Digitaria isolates P. Dsa-2J showed a weak signal on the top band, but this signal was not reproducibly detected under high-stringency conditions.
Determining which chromosomes contain AVR-Pita homologs in diverse field isolates, many of which are sexually infertile and contain chromosomal rearrangements [49] , [50] , required hybridization probes spanning each chromosome for use in CHEF analysis.
To construct a system for accurate identification of chromosomes, we performed a comparative linkage and CHEF analysis.
As a mapping population, we chose an F 1 population between Si-1J Setaria isolate collected in Japan and T-4B Triticum isolate collected in Brazil that consisted of 78 random progenies [51] , because this cross produced the most abundant polymorphic markers among crosses performed in our laboratories at Kobe University and Saga University.
A A genetic map of a cross between P. Asterisks indicate chromosome-specific markers reported by Nitta et al. Double asterisks indicate chromosome-specific SSR markers reported by Zheng et al.
Using Scene Viewer to display interactive 3D models in AR from an Android app or browser
I have googled for a couple of hours and tried all sorts of stuff. The filter driver picks it up and looks like it has installed but I'm getting no where fast. AS4 has utilities such as jtagiceii. AS6 has combined all these into atprogram. I have a board test utility that the intention is to flash a board with test software that runs and reports back failures with the hardware. It all works and the last step is to get the 'download test software' button to program the processor automatically. I really don't want to load studio 6 needed for xmegaa1u on to a production test machine just to program the chip and ideally I want a one stop solution.
The Best AV Receivers for Most People
Google Chromecast Audio was a very similar device to Google Chromecast, but with different cables and streaming capabilities. Where Chromecast was created to beam shows and movies to your TV from streaming services like Netflix and Hulu, Chromecast Audio was created to beam music to your speaker system from streaming music services like Spotify and Google Play. None of these will truly replace Chromecast Audio, but they will give a decent approximation. While Chromecast Audio has been discontinued, Google Chromecast is still on the market, and it offers the closest available alternative to Chromecast Audio. It should. It is, after all, practically the same device designed for different utility. Simply stream to Google Chromecast through your audio program as normal.
The best AV receivers in 2021
Nanopb is a small code-size Protocol Buffers implementation in ansi C. It is especially suitable for use in microcontrollers, but fits any memory restricted system. It contains a Makefile, which should work directly under most Linux systems. Protocol Buffers messages are defined in a. To use it with nanopb, you need to generate.
Apple AirPlay 2: compatible devices, features and how to use it
CNET editors pick the products and services we write about. When you buy through our links, we may get a commission. The Denon offered a warmer, punchier sound than the Sony which made it better for music in particular. While it looks virtually identical there are a couple of tweaks here and there -- but the best news is the sound is just as warm and satisfying as before. Read more: Best AV receivers of
Google Chromecast Audio Alternatives (The Best Options)
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Recent advances in aortic valve replacement
Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease, a devastating problem worldwide. This fungus has caused breakdown of resistance conferred by newly developed commercial cultivars. To address how the rice blast fungus adapts itself to new resistance genes so quickly, we examined chromosomal locations of AVR-Pita , a subtelomeric gene family corresponding to the Pita resistance gene, in various isolates of M.
Denon AVR-X550BT 5.2ch 4K UHD AV Receiver with Bluetooth
VP9 is an open and royalty-free [1] video coding format developed by Google. Android has supported VP9 since version 4. Parts of the format are covered by patents held by Google. The company grants free usage of its own related patents based on reciprocity, i. Mozilla added VP9 support to Firefox in March
You can implement multimedia tunneling in Android framework 5. Although multimedia tunneling isn't required for Android TV, it provides the best experience for ultra-high definition 4K content. For Android 11 or higher, you can implement multimedia tunneling with audio and video content fed directly from Tuner. Create a SurfaceView instance, get an audio session ID, then create the AudioTrack and MediaCodec instances to provide the necessary timing and configurations for playback and video frame decoding. Note: You can switch the order of steps 3 and 4 in this process, as seen in the two figures below. If the component supports this configuration, it should allocate a sideband handle to this codec and pass it back through the pSidebandWindow member. The framework retrieves the tunneled layer the sideband handle allocated by the OMX component and passes it to the HW Composer.
Scene Viewer is an immersive viewer that enables 3D and AR experiences from your website or Android app. It lets users of Android mobile devices easily preview, place, view, and interact with web-hosted 3D models in their environment. Most Android browsers support Scene Viewer.
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