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Content:
- [Q&A] Paris Realtor Adrian Leeds: Recognize Your Luck
- Upheld complaints
- HGTV’s “House Hunters International” Episode Was Greedy
- The next Homeland? The problems with Fauda, Israel's brutal TV hit
- Israel's Netanyahu stirs trouble by linking late Muslim leader to Holocaust
- House Hunting in Montenegro: A Bayside Villa With Mountain Scenery
- Rockets target Tel Aviv after Gaza tower destroyed
- Freakonomics Radio Archive
[Q&A] Paris Realtor Adrian Leeds: Recognize Your Luck
Summary: Empirical research on the causal effects of firearm availability on the risk of suicide is consistent with the claim that firearms increase suicide risk, but this research cannot yet rule out some other explanations for observed associations between guns and suicide. There are, however, theoretical or logical arguments for believing firearms elevate suicide risk that are sufficiently compelling that individuals and policymakers might reasonably choose to assume that gun availability does increase the risk of suicide.
States, regions, and countries with higher rates of household gun ownership have higher rates of gun suicide. There is also cross-sectional, ecological association between gun ownership and overall risk of suicide, but this association is more modest than the association between gun ownership and gun suicide; it is less consistently observed across time, place, and persons; and the causal relation remains unclear. The risk of suicide is highest immediately after the purchase of a handgun, suggesting that some firearms are specifically purchased for the purpose of committing suicide.
Suicide attempts involving a firearm are more likely to result in death than attempts using any other means Azrael and Miller, If firearms are available to a person who is thinking about taking his or her life, the presence of firearms might be linked with a higher likelihood of suicide and higher regional suicide rates.
However, if firearms are not available, a person might either not attempt to take his or her life or might do so using other means. In this essay, we examine the empirical evidence on the relationship between firearm availability or prevalence and suicide. Our literature review strategy was based on the comprehensive search outlined in the methodology description. Although the focus of that search was from forward, we highlight some highly cited articles published prior to As we did for the policy discussions, we prioritize the evidence from studies that employ a quasi-experimental approach.
However, because this line of scientific inquiry is so much more extensive than most of the other topics reviewed in these syntheses, we take a broader approach referencing noteworthy international studies and cross-sectional studies that were identified in our review. We categorize these studies as those that examine associations between individual access to firearms and suicide rates and those that examine associations between the regional prevalence of firearms and suicide rates in census regions, states, and cities.
A primary conclusion of the NRC report was that although there are limitations of studies that examine suicide outcomes among those with access to guns e. Our review identified eight U. In , NRC identified that the strongest evidence for the effect of firearm availability on individual suicide rates derived from two studies that examined individual outcomes after the purchase of a firearm; we identified no similar studies that have been conducted since NRC published its findings.
Cummings et al. During this time, those who died by suicide using any means were more likely than living, demographically matched controls to have a history of the decedent or somebody in the family having purchased a handgun Compared with the controls, this risk was greatest in the year after the handgun was purchased 3. Wintemute et al. Compared with the general mortality trends in the state for the same years and adjusting for age and sex, handgun purchasers had elevated standardized mortality ratios for suicide 4.
The elevated firearm suicide rate among purchasers was seen across all six years after purchase, although the effect was greatest in the first week after purchase per , and diminished over longer intervals—specifically, the first month after purchase — per , and the first year after purchase 75— per , This pattern may indicate that a subset of handgun purchasers acquire a firearm for the purpose of killing themselves.
Whether the mere availability of a gun increases the risk of suicide is a complex question to disentangle from observational data because some of the association between gun accessibility and suicide is likely attributable to the fact that those who wish to kill themselves may go out of their way to procure a gun or otherwise ensure that a gun is accessible.
Others with access to guns may be at higher risk of suicide because their attempt to kill themselves with an available gun is more likely to be fatal than if they had used a less lethal means, such as poison or drug overdose.
Experimental studies that could systematically test the effects of gun availability on suicides are unlikely to be performed, because they would almost certainly be found to be unethical. The next-best source of rigorous evidence, quasi-experimental observational studies, may never be able to adequately control for the myriad, sometimes intersecting, reasons why individuals might want guns available and might also wish to kill themselves.
Nevertheless, the results of such studies shed some light on this association, as we discuss next. Prior to , a series of U. These studies were generally based on psychological autopsies, in which ascertainment about the presence of firearms was provided by proxy respondents for the decedent after his or her death and compared with the presence of firearms as reported by comparison or control cases who were matched to the decedent in various ways but who typically had not died.
Relatedly, while proxy respondents are likely to know and acknowledge that the decedent who died by firearm suicide had access to a firearm, it is less certain that all controls would acknowledge having access to a gun. Either bias could result in firearm access appearing to be more closely associated with suicide risk than it really is.
For more on potential biases in psychological autopsy studies, see NRC, , pp. Only three U. The relationship between firearm access and suicide has been shown in studies comparing suicide decedents with those who have died by other causes Dahlberg, Ikeda, and Kresnow, ; Grassel et al. This relationship has also been seen in suicides among older adolescents and adults in the general population Dahlberg, Ikeda, and Kresnow, ; Grassel et al.
In addition, studies with community-based controls often control for demographic characteristics through either matching or covariate adjustment and other family and clinical characteristics e. Furthermore, studies limited to suicide decedents have shown that prevalence of firearms was higher among those who died by suicide using a firearm than those who used other means Dahlberg, Ikeda, and Kresnow, ; Joe, Marcus, and Kaplan, ; Shenassa et al.
Eight individual-level studies were published in or after Dahlberg, Ikeda, and Kresnow, ; Grassel et al. One of these studies Grassel et al. Findings showed that those who died by suicide were more likely to have purchased a handgun in the previous three years, with the relationship even greater between suicide death and purchase of a handgun in the past year, an effect magnified for women.
Five studies used the National Mortality Followback Survey. One compared suicide decedents with living, matched controls from the National Health Interview Survey and found having a gun in the home to be associated with suicide and specifically firearm suicide, but not with nonfirearm suicide Wiebe, The other four studies limited their findings to decedents only and found a relationship between having a gun in the home and elevation in the risk of suicide Kung, Pearson, and Wei, ; Shenassa et al.
Two studies limited their analysis of the National Mortality Followback Survey to suicides and found a relationship between having a gun in the home and firearm suicide Dahlberg, Ikeda, and Kresnow, ; Joe, Marcus, and Kaplan, , an approach similar to that employed by Stander et al.
With individual-level studies, any observed differences in gun access between groups can be interpreted in at least two ways: The differences could suggest that gun access increases the risk of suicide, or they could suggest that people who are suicidal may obtain guns at a higher rate because they are considering killing themselves with guns.
In other words, these studies are criticized for providing little insight into the relationship between firearm access and suicide because they are generally consistent with a wide range of causal models, including models postulating effects in opposite directions.
A recent review by Azrael and Miller suggests that the evidence in support of the former of these two interpretations that gun access increases the risk of suicide is strong based on two findings. First, the authors note that a series of studies find that the relationship between household gun ownership and suicide exists not just for the firearm owner but for all other household members.
Second, although covariate adjustment for factors related to suicidality could attenuate the relationship between the presence of a firearm and suicide, a number of studies reveal no difference in past suicide attempts described in the next section , mental illness, and substance use disorders between households with firearms and those without. In addition, an omitted variable analysis suggests that if there is actually some third risk factor associated with both household firearm ownership and suicide, this third factor would need to be a better predictor of suicide than any currently known risk factor to fully account for the association between household firearms and suicide Miller, Swanson, and Azrael, While compelling, this does not entirely refute an argument about reverse causation: An individual feeling suicidal may acquire a firearm as a means to take his or her life and thus make the weapon readily available in the household.
Other work has used different control groups to attempt to address this selection bias that suicidal people are more likely to acquire guns so that they can kill themselves. For example, firearm access was higher among adolescents who had committed suicide than among adolescents in inpatient mental health treatment who had either previously attempted suicide or never attempted suicide Brent et al.
Additionally, adolescent suicides with no history of a mental health disorder had higher rates of firearm access relative to adolescent suicides with a mental health disorder Brent et al. Individual-level studies have examined not only whether decedents had access to firearms in their households but also how those guns were stored.
In general, these studies consistently show that, relative to comparison groups of individuals who die other ways or of living community members, those who die by suicide have guns stored less safely Conwell et al. However, the relationship is not seen in all studies. Brent et al. Dahlberg, Ikeda, and Kresnow found no association between storage practices and firearm suicide versus suicide by other means.
Individual-level studies that conduct postmortem inventories of the presence of firearms may be biased because they rely on proxy respondents who may report incorrect information either purposely or because they do not know the correct information. Yet, while suicide attempts and ideation are potentially important markers of anguish or distress, they are not reliable proxies for or predictors of suicide deaths. Since , one longitudinal study Watkins and Lizotte, and a series of cross-sectional studies described in the table below examined firearm access among those who have attempted suicide and survived , who have made plans to kill themselves, or who have thought about suicide suicide ideation.
In general, there was not much evidence of a relationship between suicide ideation and firearm access Ilgen et al. However, those with a history of suicide attempts are less likely to have access to a firearm in both population-based Ilgen et al.
Although cross-sectional studies examining suicide attempts and ideation are common, they provide little insight into the relationship between firearm access and suicide, because these results are consistent with a wide range of causal models, including ones that postulate effects in opposite directions. There are similar studies examining suicide attempts and ideation with respect to firearm storage practices.
Studies generally find no difference in storage practices between adults who have thought about or attempted suicide versus those who have not Betz et al.
Although suicide attempts and ideation are not reliable proxies of suicide risk, these studies do yield insights into the differences in suicidality between those who have access to guns and those who do not. However, other problems in a household might cause poor storage security and increased suicide risk, which could account for their apparent association without storage practice itself contributing to suicide risk.
Still, at least one study suggests that such an omitted variable would need to be improbably influential to explain the strong observed association between household firearm access and suicide risk Miller, Swanson, and Azrael, A third type of individual-level study examined the association between weapon-carrying and suicide attempts.
Three such studies fell within the time frame of our literature review — , most of which derived from analyses of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Two studies documented positive relationships between past suicide attempts and carrying a gun in the past 30 days Molina and Duarte, ; Ruggles and Rajan, , and one found a positive relationship between past suicide attempts and carrying a weapon though not necessarily a gun in the past 30 days Swahn et al.
Again, these results are consistent with a wide range of causal models, including ones that postulate effects in opposite directions i. The table below details the studies published in or after that examined the relationship between firearm access and suicide. NRC concluded that there were regional associations between firearm prevalence and firearm suicide but uncertain relationships between firearm availability and total suicides.
The report also concluded that results varied by the age group studied, the covariates included in the models, and the measure of firearm availability used discussed later in this section. Further, the report noted that there was uncertain evidence that firearm prevalence explained changes in total suicide rates over time. Evidence about change over time derived primarily from studies examining suicide rates in the District of Columbia before and after , when the District established a policy that prohibited the purchase, sale, transfer, and possession of handguns.
There was a percent reduction in the frequency of firearm-related suicides following the policy change, and no changes in nonfirearm-related suicides or in firearm-related suicides in the surrounding areas Loftin et al.
In this discussion, we prioritize longitudinal studies conducted since that applied a quasi-experimental research design. We describe these studies in the following sections, noting that while some studies are longitudinal, only a handful utilize measures of exposure firearm prevalence, or a proxy for prevalence and outcome suicides that vary over time, conditions necessary to employ a quasi-experimental design.
The studies meeting that criteria are Briggs and Tabarrok , Miller et al. Each of these four studies employs unique methods to reach empirical and causal estimates of the effects of changes in firearm prevalence on changes in suicides. This is challenging to estimate empirically because firearm prevalence does not change significantly over regions over time Smith and Son, and because, in cross-sectional analyses, firearm prevalence is consistently associated with suicide.
Thus, methods need to decompose within-region changes over time from cross-region known associations. In the four studies described here, three Miller et al. Phillips and Nugent employed a decomposition random-effects model approach that estimated separate between- and within-region effects. One of the biggest challenges to estimating the effects of regional firearm availability i. Thus, while there are studies examining the relationship between regional prevalence rates and suicide outcomes, researchers interested in examining variability in gun prevalence and its association with suicide at the state level must rely on proxy measures.
Sometimes they apply the earlier BRFSS estimates to the current period or apply regional measures to the states within the region. Some studies validate different proxy measures of firearm prevalence see, for example, Azrael, Cook, and Miller, ; Kleck, ; Siegel, Ross, and King, However, evidence for the validity of these proxies as measures of gun prevalence over time is limited Kleck, , and establishing such evidence in the absence of survey data, particularly at the state level, over time is challenging.
Our goal here is not to review all proxy measures; rather, we describe information on the ones found in the quasi-experimental studies described in this essay, as well as those used in the essay on the relationship between firearm prevalence and violent crime. The proxy measures we discuss are as follows:.
For other proxy measures—including firearm homicides divided by homicides, subscriptions to firearm-related publications e. In the earliest of the four studies in our review, Miller et al.
Upheld complaints
By Luke Baker. In a speech to the Zionist Congress late on Tuesday, Netanyahu referred to a series of Muslim attacks on Jews in Palestine during the s that he said were instigated by the then-Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini. Netanyahu, whose father was an eminent historian, was quickly harangued by opposition politicians and experts on the Holocaust who said he was distorting the historical record. They noted the meeting between Husseini and Hitler took place on November 28,
HGTV’s “House Hunters International” Episode Was Greedy
The human stories on both sides of the Israel-Palestine conflict. Sign In. Episode guide. Play trailer Action Drama Thriller. Creators Avi Issacharoff Lior Raz. See more at IMDbPro.
The next Homeland? The problems with Fauda, Israel's brutal TV hit
Palestinian militants say they fired missiles at the Israeli city of Tel Aviv after an Israeli air strike felled a tower block in the Gaza Strip. The storey building was attacked an hour and a half after residents and local people were warned to evacuate, Reuters news agency reports. Israel's military says it is targeting militants in Gaza in response to earlier rocket attacks. At least 31 people have died in some of the worst violence in years.
Israel's Netanyahu stirs trouble by linking late Muslim leader to Holocaust
Adrian Leeds was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. She attended the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City and spent a year on a kibbutz in Israel before settling into family life and building her career—first in Knoxville, Tennessee, then in Los Angeles, California. Adrian has a passion for writing and publishes three online publications a week since ! Subscribe here to dive into these popular publications. She created the first online Paris restaurant guide in , Adrian Leeds' Top Cheap Insider Paris Restaurants no longer available , and is currently working on a memoir about how she carved out her dream life in France from nothing but a little resourcefulness—and a lot of chutzpah. Committed to helping people realize their dream life in France, aside from the full range of property services she provides, Adrian produces Living and Investing in France conferences, Expat Financial Forums, as well as other workshops and seminars designed to educate the expatriate community.
House Hunting in Montenegro: A Bayside Villa With Mountain Scenery
How did she become a Parisienne? Life takes you on many different paths, depending on the sign posts along the way. Sometimes you have to go right to go left or back to go forward. It was thanks to a man who hired a lot of bright young women very inexpensively and gave them a lot of responsibility. As a result everyone grew from that experience and I was fortunate enough to be a part of it. Well, I took a right turn because there was a job offering. And I discovered that the talent and interests I had in fashion design worked well in marketing and advertising.
Rockets target Tel Aviv after Gaza tower destroyed
Pat Kenny brings his experienced broadcasting style and incisive analysis to the day's news and current affairs now at the new time of 9am. The show mixes strong current affairs analysis, human interest interviews with light entertainment stories and live music. Sharp, intelligent and insightful radio offering listeners a bit more in the morning.
Freakonomics Radio Archive
It is also just interesting to see what others think is visually attractive. I admit there can be a fair amount of criticism that takes places during these shows. I am led to believe it was a repeat show. After watching this show I can not recall having ever seen such a distasteful display of greed on this scale before. They saved and scrimped to be able to make the move and secure a new home on the island. But Doug made it known that he wanted to make cents on the dollar profit from any home he bought.
Concerns raised were that the interview included inaccuracies as well as degrading and misogynistic comments. Complaint: An ABC Far North Queensland listener complained that a contributor to a segment made racist comments and that the presenter failed to call the contributor out. Complaint: A complainant expressed concern that during an interview with an academic on ABC Radio Newcastle, inaccurate claims were made around the use and effectiveness of ivermectin as a COVID treatment. Complaint: Former Senator Cory Bernardi complained that an edition of the program included misleading and false allegations about him and that he was not given a fair opportunity to respond to the allegations. Complaint: A complainant raised accuracy and impartiality concerns in relation to a range of ABC coverage of issues relating to timber harvesting by VicForests. The complainant also raised concern that the program made allegations without providing a fair opportunity to respond. Complaint: A complainant said that an online video about the launch of the HMAS Supply was edited in way that falsely implied a dance group performed in front of dignitaries.
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