Buen camino nahuatl speakers
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The Hispanicization of modern Nahuatl varieties
To browse Academia. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. The Hispanicization of modern Nahuatl varieties. A short summary of this paper. These include the description of linguistic and to a lesser extent sociolinguistic structures for a good example cf.
Nevertheless, the cumulative principle advocated by Labov is a case in point for these and any other Mesoamerican languages, since the more we know about them the more questions are open. For instance, although extensive research on Nahuatl dialectology has been carried out cf. Canger , it is not clear whether the postulated dialects are reaching the point were they can be considered separate languages, a discussion the surface of which has hardly been scratched cf.
In the same vein, consider that although a number of Nahuatl grammars are today available in published form, including grammars on so called Classical Nahuatl cf. Andrews ; Launey 2 , these are meant only as introductory books or sketches of the language; not to mention studies of the pragmatics of Nahuatl e.
Given this context, in this paper I will provide a review of the lesser known facts related to the Spanish contact effects on Nahuatl, a topic on which even if we have a good amount of studies cf.
These relate to the study of different contact— 1 I gratefully acknowledge Michael Harrington for his help with the English text.
I also received a great deal of generous support from Frances Karttunen, to whom I am particularly grateful. Any errors or shortcomings are of course of my own responsibility. In this sense, I will specifically analyze the contact phenomena linked to heavily obsolete varieties3 , documenting and analyzing the extreme effects of Spanish on Nahuatl that correspond to a social situation in which the language is swiftly fading away.
For this purpose, it will prove useful to refer to non- or minimally Hispanicized varieties, as represented by Classical, and to a less extent colonial and even monolingual contemporary Nahuatl; or, in short, conservative Nahuatl varieties.
Thus to provide a clear picture of the impact of Spanish on Nahuatl, especially the extreme cases of Nahuatl Hispanicization that have led or are leading to language shift, a comparison with still viable Nahuatl varieties or even Classical Nahuatl varieties will be at stake. An excellent, immediate reference to the most conservative varieties that can be reconstructed by means of an analysis of early colonial sources is the chapter by Jensen, which refers to Mesoamerican Nahuatl, included in this volume.
Several qualifications before proceeding to analyze the Nahuatl materials proper must be made. On the one hand, even though I am aware of the importance of understanding the interface of different layers related to linguistic analysis, for the sake of clarity I will distinguish different levels of linguistic organization as if they where separate entities, which of course they are not.
On the contrary, one of the basic tenets of the present contribution is to demonstrate the close relationship between language and society, as evidenced in the inextricable link between extreme linguistic simplification and obsolescence, as presented here, and the social context which sustains and nurtures language shift. On the other hand, many of the points that I will be dealing with relate directly to language change.
Since I concentrate on Nahuatl change resulting from contact with Spanish, my approach may give the impression that no attention is being paid to the possibility of explaining at least some of the phenomena depicted here on the basis of internal motivations, rather than as induced contact phenomena. Exploring new facts and interpretations of Nahuatl Hispanicization 3 For the study of obsolescence see Dorian Yet, as a phonemic innovation, it has appeared in Nahuatl, yet only in one fossilized pair.
Compare: 1 ki-maka e. Voicing of Nahuatl phonemes is also attested in varieties of the language that are close to extinction, such as Chilacachapa Nahuatl CHN : 4 malin-dika in koal CHN: cf.
Over twenty years ago, when I did fieldwork in Acatlan, these changes were slightly attested in speakers in the generation that by then were in their early fifties. Today the Spanish phonemes have become thoroughly extended to those in their twenties, probably the last generation that will speak Nahuatl in AG, unless a dramatic change reversing ongoing language shift occurs cf. The term appears as early as the first half of the 18th century in Nahuatl texts.
CN: nehuatl, tehuatl, yehuatl. Yet, there is not enough or convincing evidence to sustain this suggestion. Moreover, as can be seen in 5. Dakin , 9. Probably the convergence of both forces provides a more complete and realistic explanation of the phenomenon, even when language induced change results crucial in the emergence of such an innovation.
Morphology Apparently, the glottal stop substituted by —n is also attested in imperative forms: 11 xia-n! Another interesting aspect, which also presents itself at the interface of the phonological and the morphological levels, is the change of the Nahuatl absolutive marker -tl to —l, actually present in double loans in CHN cf. Indications of an early written identification of both segments in turn is maybe also speaking of an oral phenomenon which anteceded the inception of —n as the plural verbal marker in modern times.
Nava Nava, , in the state of Tlaxcala, -l is maybe also functioning as an absolutive suffix cf. Both interpretations conform to the possibility of blurring the Nahuatl clear-cut distinction between possessive and absolutive nominal themes in terms of allowing simplification of possessive and absolutive forms. Notice that both in conservative and Hispanized varieties such as BN the clear-cut distinction between possessive and absolutive is retained. The existence of a single form —l for the singular absolutive and the singular possessive in CHN and SMX probably contributes to the under-differentiation of absolutive and possessive markers for separate nominal themes, just as in Spanish see below.
Thus the process of substituting the absolutive marker —tl with —l can be interpreted as a clear index of the Hispanicization of extremely endangered Nahuatl varieties, as is the case of CHN. In central Mexican Spanish i. Since in Spanish one does not distinguish between possessed and absolutive morphology, unlike Nahuatl cf.
This phenomenon eloquently indexes the inception of Spanish as the primary tongue in several of these communities.
Deletion of obligatory morphology probably due to Spanish influence is also the case in: 20a tleko! Other innovations in highly Hispanicized varieties refer to the identification of the future marker —s among other usages with the Spanish infinitive cf. Two types of attitudes can be found in the interaction between linguists and speakers, one of which is highly cooperative vs.
The first type leads to what has been described as foreign talk e. Ferguson ; Evans , which by the way turns out to be one of the possible sources of pidgin formation. Notice that the examples depicted here are not an effect or exclusively an effect and even not more importantly and effect of elicitation. Even when examples 28 up to 31 were in deed obtained via a questionnaire, similar forms also surfaced in more extemporaneous speech, as 24 , 25 , 26 , and 31a.
Jensen this volume ; i. Historically this fact has also had a strong impact on the productivity of Nahuatl coinage of new words, considerably limiting processes of composition and incorporation cf.
Whorf This trend is here labeled syntagmatization, which of course favors lexical borrowing, the favorite target of common purist quizzing and shibboleths, such as numerals or neologisms in local Nahuatl ideologies cf. Differences actually seem to conform to generational and historical differentials linked to more Hispanized varieties.
Thus while an elder in BN would still produce forms as 32 , the 17 Deletion of object as well as epenthetic morphology is in deed attested in still viable varieties of the language and probably is not due to Spanish influence. Strong purist reactions to more Hispanized varieties could focus on similar analytical expressions and even on forms such as 32 and 32a , ironically suggesting that both are due to Spanish influence.
Compare the following texts, which actually present the same poem, one in CN18 , and the other in modern Amanalco, Tezcoco, Nahuatl ATN : 33 Nonantzin, ihcuac nimikiz, motlecuilpan xinechtoka, ompa tiaz titlaxcalchihuaz ompa nopampa xichoca. Wan kwak aka mitstla? Ixkilwi te? While you go to make tortillas weep there for me. No attempt has been made to normalize the script in terms of vowel length.
It is also probable that several syntactic innovations as depicted here and elsewhere originated in calques from Spanish structures, including fixed expressions, as will become clear in the next section.
Notice the total nudity of the second transitive verb in which the obligatory specific object prefix is missing. This resembles the process of formation of a quasi-infinitive in 31a , and approximates even more closely the Spanish infinitive formation the less marked verbal form of the colonial language, a category historically absent from Nahuatl, yet overwhelmingly sought by most Spanish grammarians, favoring its identification with Nahuatl future marker —s.
This is actually an innovation, which allows the deletion of the whole derivational morphology, giving rise to a highly unmarked form. The fixed reply -formula equivalent to 35b in these varieties is: 36b amoo tleen HUEY cf. How are you? Concluding remarks In this contribution I have provided a series of examples of profoundly Hispanicized Nahuatl varieties, showing extreme processes of simplification, attrition and obsolescence that are leading to the extinction of Nahuatl in several communities in which the ancestral language is hardly or by the time this chapter is published spoken.
However discouraging it may be, it is interesting that the processes depicted here resemble what in the sociolinguistic literature is depicted as the emergence of an incipient pidgin or an initial process of pidginization. Yet in our case such process is not giving rise to a separate new language or even a simplified functional variety of a language; such as a foreign or baby talk register, at least not in the long run cf.
Ferguson Rather, extreme processes of convergence and simplification index a social situation in which speakers of Nahuatl no longer consider it important or even necessary to speak the ir ancestral tongue, giving rise to the establishment of the colonial language as the mother tongue of the community; although, ironically, speaking powerfully Nahuatl influenced varieties of Spanish cf. Andrews, Richard Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. Austin: University of Texas Press. Canger, Una Dorian, Nancy Ed.
Investigating Obsolescence. Studies in Language Contraction and Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Evans, Nicholas Linguistic Fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Ferguson, Charles Language Structure and Language Use. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Thomas Stolz. Brockmeyer, Rudolf Muhr. Frankfurt: Peter Lang,
Indigenous Studies (Latin America & Caribbean): Natalio Hernández
Best Spanish school Learning Spanish in Universidad Internacional can be an exciting opportunity for any number of reasons. Whether you're looking to gain an edge in the workplace communicate better with family members or friends or just learn more about a different culture there is no better time than now to start. Spanish is spoken by almost million people worldwide and is one of the fastest growing languages in the world. Malinche is a fascinating historical figure who played a vital role in facilitating or buffering the devastating impact of the Spanish conquest in Mexico, depending on how one interprets her story.
Spanish Translations of On the Road
Mark W. This article emphasizes the distinct duties of interpreters general, primarily working in legal matters, and mediators at the margins of colonial control. The widespread flight of Mayas seeking relief shifted the linguistic map of the interior, requiring speakers of multiple languages rather than the service of interpreters general who resided in Yucatan. This article seeks to add depth to our current understanding of the role of translators during the often overlooked seventeenth century. Official translators-interpreters generals whose duties were increasingly circumscribed as court functionaries-diverged from mediators in unconquered terrains whose knowledge of diverse indigenous languages, cultural broker abilities, and similar backgrounds made them ideal intermediaries with resistant Mayas. In , don Pablo Paxbolon, one of the most reliable indigenous allies of the Spanish in their attempts to take over land held by unconquered Mayas, accompanied an expedition into the interior of the modern-day state of Campeche. He received testimony from the Mayas of Nacaukumil Ququmil , who had fled colonial rule, and relayed their message of submission to the Spanish expedition. While a few Chontals resisted relocation and remained behind, other Mayas had moved into the uncontrolled spaces. Only two individuals were named, Pedro Ek and Pedro Ceh. Judging by their Spanish baptismal first names and Yucatec surnames, their origins were in Yucatec Maya territory.
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It is bordered on the north by the United States of America ; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. With an estimated population of over million, [ 12 ] it is the world's eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city. In pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before first contact with Europeans. This territory would eventually become Mexico following recognition of the colony's independence in
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It is bordered on the north by the United States of America ; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. With an estimated population of over million, [ 12 ] it is the world's eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city. In pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before first contact with Europeans. This territory would eventually become Mexico following recognition of the colony's independence in
El Camino College The Union
It is entirely remarkable that the timing of this epochal process has been foretold by the pre-Colombian people of Mesoamerica. And it is even more remarkable that they have foreseen the release of the wisdom we need to master this transformation precisely now, when it is actually taking place. And most remarkable of all, this wisdom includes concrete practical instructions on how to master our body and our mind to cope with the challenge that awaits us. Because in the final count it is us, each one of us, who needs to become the change we must accomplish in our world—not by becoming a mastermind who manipulates the external world but one who masters the inner world of his or her own consciousness. Sergio Magana, the inheritor of this wisdom and now its spokesman, shares this unique, and uniquely precious knowledge with us. We can be grateful that he can do so today, and that he lives up to his historical mission. His writing deserves to become a pillar of the new-paradigm wisdom we need as we enter the critical years that mark the "Dawn of the Sixth Sun" from the present year to the new horizon, the year This book is an instruction manual for anyone who wants to awaken from the dream-like trance of ordinary reality and attain a truly lucid state.
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Schmal Sep 7, Morelos. Morelos is a land-locked state located in south central Mexico and is surrounded by the States of Mexico on the west and northeast , Puebla on the east , Guerrero on the south , and the Distrito Federal on the north. As the third smallest federal entity in the Mexican Republic after Distrito Federal and Tlaxcala , Morelos is made up of 4, square kilometers 1, square miles , representing 0. Politically divided into 33 municipios, Morelos had a population of 1,, persons in the census, ranking it as the 23 rd most populous state in Mexico.
We have detected that your JavaScript seems to be disabled. We recommend that you enable JavaScript in your browser to fully utilize the functionality of this website. Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Students become familiar with the sounds of Spanish, including pronunciation, rhythm, pitch and stress. They recognise similarities with many English words, noting differences in pronunciation and spelling. They understand and apply elements of Spanish grammar such as word order; simple verb forms
The earliest book known to have been printed in the New World was in Nahuatl. Nahuatl is the name of the Aztec language, spoken throughout central Mexico before the Spanish conquest; and this first book known to have been printed was the Breve y mas compendiosa doctrina cristiana en lengua mexicana y castellana published in There are other books which have a claim to having been the first book printed in the Americas, since much of the history of early printing in Mexico remains unclear. Nevertheless, the amount of evidence in favor of the Doctrina cristiana makes its publication, if not its primacy, a certainty, although no copies exist today.
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