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• Events at CBE
• Katinkas KABOOM WIRELESS BLUETOOTH PORTATILE SPEAKER ULTRA COMPATTO-Bianco Argento
• Review: Katinkas Kaboom Bluetooth Speaker
• Katinka Anthracite
• Gästestimmen
• Felicity Allen
• Ebook Help: Katinkas Kaboom Manual Treadmill: Updated Edition
• Altoparlanti bluetooth senza fili philips bt-55p/00 2w bianco
• TechRadar's Deals of the Week: Jabra Clipper Bluetooth Headset only £17.49, saving 32%
• Free Katinkas Kaboom Manual Meat: EPUB, PDF

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Current approaches on cognition hold that concrete concepts are grounded in concrete experiences. There is no consensus, however, as to whether this is equally true for abstract concepts. In this review we discuss how the body might be involved in understanding abstract concepts through metaphor activation. We will focus on the political metaphor that has a more complex association between the concept and the concrete domain.

However, the outcomes of studies on this political metaphor have not always been consistent, possibly because the experimental manipulation was not implicit enough. The inclusion of new technological devices in this area of research, such as the Wii Balance Board, seems promising in order to assess the groundedness of abstract conceptual spatial metaphors in an implicit manner.

This may aid further research to effectively demonstrate the interrelatedness between the body and more abstract representations. Imagine you are reading a story in which someone turns up the volume on his car radio while in real life you are closing the top of a soda bottle.

Would these two things reading about an action and performing a very similar action influence each other? Research suggests they would. It appears that a rotation of your hand that is congruent with an implied rotation in a sentence facilitates the speed with which relevant parts of the sentence are being processed.

This happens because readers make an elaborate mental representation of what they read that is similar to their experience in real life. How close is this connection between actions on one hand and cognitive processes, such as reading, on the other? Does it only apply to identical actual and implied movements, or does the connection extend beyond these mappings, for example to abstract concepts that do not imply movement at all? According to the embodied cognition approaches such connections also exist.

Abstract concepts Abstract concepts refer to entities that have no physical or spatial constraints because they have no direct representation in the physical world. It does not exist at a particular time or place but as a type of thing. Examples of abstract concepts are emotions, metaphors, and abstract actions e. Embodied cognition Cognition is shaped by aspects of the body, like the motor system, the perceptual system and interactions with the environment.

Cognitive concepts have specific neural underpinnings meaning that the reconstruction of an earlier experience involves activation of the same brain systems as those during the original experience. Theories on embodied cognition are gaining importance in the field of psychology and beyond Pecher et al. In contrast to earlier theories on cognition that consider processing and storage of incoming information to take place in an abstract, symbolic manner, embodied cognition theories focus on the body as being central to shaping the mind Wilson, Specifically, cognitive processes are presumed to depend on the sensory-motor system in the brain that reactivates earlier experiences, a process called sensory-motor simulation Barsalou, When such an experience is retrieved, neural states are re-enacted from the systems that were relevant for the original experience, such as action and perception systems.

Cognition is therefore grounded through simulation Barsalou et al. Based on the available empirical evidence that has accumulated over the past decade or so, this link between actions and representations of concrete concepts has been well established.

Recently, more critical points of view have been articulated regarding the specificity of the embodied cognition approach and the boundaries of phenomena that can be explained with this approach.

Another argument is that any effects of grounding are taken as positive evidence for embodiment even if they are different or oppose one another Willems and Francken, Rather than making general predictions regarding the involvement of sensory-motor systems in cognitive processes that back all findings, the hypotheses should be more specific and the explanation should focus more on underlying mechanisms of embodiment.

A third argument concerns support for the claim that similar connections exist between actions and representations of abstract and concrete concepts Mahon and Caramazza, ; Pecher et al. If abstract concepts without a direct representation in the physical world cannot be physically interacted with, how can they ever be represented through simulation Mahon and Caramazza, ?

Concrete concepts Concrete concepts refer to something that is present in the physical world, such as a tree in a forest. This means that these concepts have physical or spatial constraints.

A tree can grow in a forest but not on the moon. Concrete concepts include but are not limited to physical objects in the world. Concrete actions, such as kicking or smiling, are also examples of concrete concepts.

The role and impact of the body on cognitive processing have to be specific enough in order to test falsifiable hypotheses. One way to do this, is to specify in each study when and how embodiment occurs Willems and Francken, Moreover, it is important to determine the role of the body in cognitive processes in as much detail as possible. This can be done by asking questions, such as: Are sensory-motor processes necessary for cognitive processing, sufficient for cognitive processing, neither necessary nor sufficient or are sensory-motor processes only needed for deep conceptual processing Fischer and Zwaan, ?

The answers may differ depending on the task being used, and the frame of mind an individual has on a given point in time Maglio and Trope, The groundedness of abstract concepts can be evaluated with empirical evidence from studies that have examined abstract concepts as instantiations of concrete concepts in a situation Lakoff and Johnson, , Thus, abstract concepts can be understood in terms of concrete concepts through metaphorical associations with concrete domains of experiences.

Research has provided empirical evidence for this mapping between abstract concepts and concrete experiences. Orientational metaphors provide a spatial orientation for an abstract concept, which can be vertical down-up , horizontal left-right or sagittal front-back. Orientational metaphors Orientational metaphors are metaphors in which concepts are spatially related to one another.

Orientational metaphors are exceptionally useful in research because they are plentiful, used in a variety of ways, and easy to represent and manipulate in experiments.

Other mappings between abstract concepts and concrete experiences have been established by bodily manipulations as well. In those cases, the mapping between the abstract concept and concrete domain is even more complex, because it is based on an association of emotional life experiences and vertical motion.

It is therefore remarkable that this metaphor is still activated when an unrelated movement depositing marbles upward or downward in a container is being performed. Conceptual metaphors Abstract concepts are understood in the context of concrete experiences.

Because of such a concrete experience, the sensory-motor system forms the basis of the representation of the abstract concept. Santiago et al. This time metaphor can be modulated by cultural differences in language representations. For example, speakers of Mandarin use vertical terms to talk about time and therefore responded more quickly to vertical representations of time compared to speakers of English who think about time in horizontal spatial terms Boroditsky, Abstract concepts may not always be directly grounded through interactions with the world but have their basis in instantiations of concrete experiences and co-occurrences with a certain representation.

These mappings between abstract concepts and their more concrete representations are dynamic and can not only be learned over time but also change when co-occurrences change. This discussion of research that demonstrates how abstract concepts are grounded in action and perception provides insight into the what and when conditions under which grounding occurs.

All studies conducted from an embodied cognition perspective, demonstrated an effect of the body whole body or hand movement on task performance with the response following the body manipulation, not the other way around. The question remains, however, if there are boundaries with regard to the groundedness of abstract concepts.

It is feasible that the sensory-motor system becomes less involved with a higher abstractness of a concept Clark, We will address this issue in more detail by reviewing several studies on a particularly abstract conceptual metaphor that may pose a challenge to demonstrate effects of embodiment with: the spatial political metaphor. The representation of politics along a horizontal axis originates from the way the French Legislative Assembly established in was spatially organized in the assembly room with conservatives situated on the right and liberals on the left.

This spatial organization has resulted in the construction of the abstract political concept of the right equaling the conservative end of the spectrum and the left as the liberal or progressive end. The abstractness of this metaphor may differ depending on the country it is being used in. In the United States, political debates are broadcasted with liberals on the viewer's left and conservatives on the viewer's right. Therefore, even as the actual left-right seating arrangements have largely been abandoned the metaphor for political left and right remains in most western countries Goodsell, Can this abstract political concept with such an obscure experiential basis still be activated with a manipulation of the body?

Several studies have examined the possibility of this activation in several countries that vary in the way in which political parties are represented Oppenheimer and Trail, ; Van Elk et al. Oppenheimer and Trail demonstrated the activation of the political metaphor in three experiments with different body manipulations squeezing a hand-grip with the right or left hand, sitting on a chair tilted to the left or right, and clicking on visual targets on the left or right side of a screen.

A manipulation to the left resulted in a higher agreement with Democrats on political issues but a manipulation to the right did not result in higher agreement with Republicans.

Van Elk et al. Participants were manipulated to use their left or right hand to respond to acronyms of political parties and Dutch broadcasting companies, or to respond with the same hand and to stimuli presented on the left or right side of the monitor. Overall, the authors found that participants were faster to respond with their hand that was congruent to the political affiliation of a shown acronym of a political party than with their incongruent hand.

However, the effects varied across experiments, sometimes demonstrating congruency effects only for rightwing and sometimes only for leftwing parties. In other words, the association between spatial orientation and politics affected online judgments of political acronyms but the effects were not consistent across experiments.

In a third study, researchers demonstrated that the political conceptualization of left to right is also apparent when tested with an auditory measure Farias et al. Participants judged conservative words to be louder to the right ear than to the left ear and socialist words to be louder to the left ear than to the right ear.

This representation of politics on a horizontal axis originates from the way the French Legislative Assembly was spatially organized in the assembly room. These studies all demonstrated an association between the abstract concept of the political right and left and the concrete concept of spatial right and left. Although the studies support the idea that the relationship between abstract concepts and concrete domains is integrated in multiple modalities, a problematic element in several of the experiments was that the congruency effects were not consistent for both leftwing and rightwing affiliations.

Could this be indicative of a boundary limitation of the groundedness of abstract concepts? Not necessarily. Effects were demonstrated, even if they were asymmetrical.

Also, an alternative explanation of these findings could be that participants were aware of the manipulation, which could have affected their response. Another possibility is that political metaphors are more complex in countries without a political dichotomy, such as the Netherlands, because the political landscape consists of multiple parties that form a left-to-right continuum, rather than a left and a right pole. The political metaphor may still be activated then but constitute a more complex mapping with parties in the continuum and therefore yield more inconsistent results.

Given these problematic aspects of the studies discussed above, a better, more subtle way to manipulate the body, is needed. A more implicit manipulation of the body may yield more consistent results and hide the true purpose of the task at the same time. A particularly effective way to do that is to make use of devices that enable such implicit manipulations. A promising line of investigation in this respect is research that uses new technology to measure changes in the body in a surreptitious manner.

This technology can overcome some of the problems associated with the earlier studies on political metaphors and provide an effective tool to both manipulate and assess the activation of conceptual metaphors. New technologies used for leisure time activities at home, such as the LEAP-motion i.

Their popularity is based on the facts that most people are already familiar with them, they are relatively inexpensive, and provide precise and useful data as outcome measures. Of these new technologies, the WBB has been used the most in research so far see Figure 1. The board is The four transducers, one in each corner of the board, are used to assess weight distribution and to detect even very small changes in the distribution of participants' center of pressure COP.

The measurements of participants' COP produced by the WBB are as reliable and valid as those produced by other platforms commonly used to assess posture Clark et al. In contrast to these platforms, the WBB is far less expensive, and portable, and therefore an attractive alternative for researchers interested in measuring posture.

Katinkas KABOOM WIRELESS BLUETOOTH PORTATILE SPEAKER ULTRA COMPATTO-Bianco Argento

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Review: Katinkas Kaboom Bluetooth Speaker

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