Mosquito rf amplifier pcb layout schematics
Here is the circuit diagram of an ultrasonic mosquito repeller. The circuit is based on the theory that insects like mosquito can be repelled by using sound frequencies in the ultrasonic above 20KHz range. All Rights Reserved. A complementary symmetry amplifier consisting of four transistor is used to amplify the sound. The piezo buzzer converts the output of amplifier to ultrasonic sound that can be heard by the insects.
===We are searching data for your request:
Wait the end of the search in all databases.
Upon completion, a link will appear to access the found materials.
Content:
Sourcing Electronic Components Fast Quote
Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer.
In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Pyrethrum extracts from flower heads of Chrysanthemum spp. While the molecular mechanisms of its insecticidal action are known, the molecular basis of pyrethrum repellency remains a mystery. We identify Ae. Thus, pyrethrum exerts spatial repellency through a novel, dual-target mechanism. Elucidation of this two-target mechanism may have potential implications in the design and development of a new generation of synthetic repellents against major mosquito vectors of infectious diseases.
Mosquito-transmitted human diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, represent significant burdens to global human health and cause considerable human suffering. One of the most effective measures to reduce disease transmission involves the use of insect repellents to prevent human contacts with mosquitoes.
Pyrethrum extract from the dried and crushed flower heads of Chrysanthemum Tanacetum cinerariifolium began to be used as an insect repellent against biting arthropods thousands of years ago 1 , 2.
Pyrethrins, the major insecticidal components, are used to control a wide range of pests in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings and may pose harmful effects on bees when used outdoor. In addition, pyrethrum-producing Chrysanthemum spp. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids exert potent insecticidal activities by hyper-activating insect voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby causing rapid paralysis, known as knockdown, and eventual lethality 15 , 16 , While the molecular mechanism of insecticidal lethal action of these compounds is well-established, the molecular mechanism s underlying the repellency elicited by pyrethrum and pyrethroids, at sublethal levels, remains a mystery.
Various possibilities have been proposed, including contact-based repellency, spatial repellency, neuronal irritation, olfactory responses 11 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , However, it is not clear how these possibilities relate to each other, and, most importantly, if olfactory responses are involved, what is the identity of the odorant receptor s responsible for pyrethrum repellency. In this study, we took a combination of molecular genetics, electrophysiological and behavioral approaches to gain insights into pyrethrum repellency in Aedes aegypti , the primary vector of viruses that cause dengue fever, Zika, yellow fever and chikungunya.
We aimed to address the following key questions: i Is pyrethrum repellency odorant receptor Or -mediated? Our study resolved all these questions and revealed a novel, dual-target mechanism for insect repellency, involving dual activation of olfactory repellency pathways and voltage-gated sodium channels. The discovery has significant basic and practical implications in understanding the mechanisms and development of insect repellents against mosquitoes and other human disease vectors.
First, we determined whether pyrethrum elicits spatial repellency using a hand-in-cage assay In this behavioral assay, mosquitoes are attracted to a human hand in a modified glove Fig. Mosquitoes would land on a piece of mesh secured on the top of the window. Between the top mesh and the hand is a second mesh, which was above the hand and treated with a test compound or solvent, but mosquitoes cannot make direct contact with the second mesh Fig.
The landing frequency of female Rockefeller mosquitoes wild-type Ae. Similar spatial pyrethrum repellency was also observed in female Kisumu mosquitoes wild-type Anopheles gambiae Supplementary Fig. These results clearly show contact-independent, spatial repellency of pyrethrum against mosquitoes. Next, we examined whether spatial repellency by pyrethrum depends on the mosquito olfaction system. We found that pyrethrum elicits electroantennagram EAG responses in Ae. Pyrethrum-induced EAG response in Ae.
In contrast, no response to pyrethrum was detected from mosquito maxillary palps, another major olfactory organ in insects Supplementary Fig. These results indicate that the olfactory receptor neurons ORNs in the antennae of Ae.
In insects, in addition to individual Ors that are responsible for recognizing specific odorants, an obligate co-receptor Orco is required for detection of diverse odorants 28 , 29 , 30 and can be used to infer whether insect attraction or avoidance response is Or-mediated. These results indicated that spatial repellency by pyrethrum is largely Or-mediated. Insect Ors are mainly expressed in olfactory receptor neurons ORNs in antenna 29 , 33 , 34 , Three major morphologically distinct types of antennal trichodae sensilla are recognized in Ae.
Each Ae. We identified three responsive sst sensilla, sst-1 to sst-3, and six responsive sbt sensilla, sbt-1 to sbt-6, based on their response profiles to the odorants in our panel Supplementary Fig. We noted that sbt-1 and sst-1 sensilla were most responsive to pyrethrum Fig. In particular, the A neuron in the sbt-1 sensilla was excited by pyrethrum, while the B neuron was not Fig.
In contrast, the sbt-1B neurons were highly sensitive to indole and toluene Supplementary Fig. For sst-1 sensilla, pyrethrum specifically activated sst-1A neurons, but not sst-1B Fig. Furthermore, similar response profiles of sbt-1 and sst-1 to pyrethrum and other volatiles were also detected from Orlando mosquitoes Supplementary Fig.
In addition, pyrethrum also weakly activated sbt-4A and sst-2A Fig. Furthermore, additional sensilla type s besides the ones we identified in Supplementary Fig. Having identified sbt-1 and sst-1 as primary ORNs that are responsive to pyrethrum, we next attempted the challenging goal of identifying specific Or s that are involved.
For this purpose, we took advantage of the availability of an indexed library of An. We found that pyrethrum activated AgOr31 Fig.
As shown in Fig. Phylogenetic analysis of Or protein sequences from seven mosquito species, including Ae. Therefore, AgOr31 and AaOr31 are most likely orthologous based on matching odorant response profiles Fig.
Future research using Drosophila empty neurons expressing AaOr31 and Or31 orthologs from other five mosquito species could further examine the proposed orthologous relationship across the major mosquito species. Given that pyrethrum is an extract containing six insecticidal esters i. None of the insecticidal esters, ethyl palmitate or ethyl linoleate activated AgOr31 Supplementary Fig.
Next, we asked whether Ae. Similarly, knockout of AaOr31 abolished the response of sbt-1A neurons to pyrethrum Fig. Knockout of AaOr31 did not alter the response profile of sst-1A to pyrethrum and other odorants examined Supplementary Fig. Collectively, these data showed that AaOrmediated olfactory pathway is an important component of the pyrethrum repellency mechanism.
Furthermore, the percentage of EBF in commercial pyrethrum extracts is generally very low ranging from 1. These results suggest additional mechanism s underlying pyrethrum repellency.
We predicted that additional component s in pyrethrum likely elicit repellency by activating the sst1-associated olfactory pathway.
In addition, because pyrethrins are known to hyper-activate voltage-gated sodium channels that are critical for electrical signaling 44 , 45 , we examined a possible involvement of activation of sodium channels in pyrethrin repellency. For this purpose, we used the KDR:ROCK mutant line, which is near isogenic to the wild-type Rockefeller strain and resistant to pyrethrum due to two defined mutations in the sodium channel gene 46 Supplementary Fig.
These results indicate the involvement of sodium channel activation in pyrethrin repellency. Thus, pyrethrins contribute to pyrethrum repellency via two mechanisms: i activation of sst-1A-associated olfactory pathway and ii hyper-activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Identification of sst-1A and sbt-1A OSNs and voltage-gated sodium channels as targets of pyrethrum repellency raised a fundamental question with respect to the relationship between activation of sodium channels and olfactory pathways in pyrethrum-mediated mosquito repulsion.
Importantly, the enhancement was specific to pyrethrins, as no enhancement in repellency was observed between EBF and another plant-derived repellent, - -borneol Fig. Although, like pyrethrins, - -borneol activates sst-1A neurons Supplementary Fig. Importantly, the synergism between pyrethrins and EBF could be observed even when the concentration of pyrethrin I was reduced to 10 ppm and 1 ppm which alone did not elicit repellency Fig. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that hyper-activation of sodium channels by pyrethrins, together with AaOrmediated repellency by EBF, produce a potent synergism that could explain the pyrethrum repellency against mosquitoes.
The potentiation of AaOrmediated repellency by pyrethrins raises the possibility of a broad effect of sodium channel hyper-activation on the mosquito olfactory system. We therefore examined a possible effect of pyrethrins on the activities of odorants other than EBF. We found that camphor and eucalyptol, which each activate multiple types of Ae. Furthermore, P-I enhanced repellency by camphor and eucalyptol Supplementary Fig. Specifically, we evaluated the activity of sbt-1 neurons in response to EBF alone or co-application with P-I.
Collectively, these results suggest that pyrethrin potentiation of Or-mediated repellency does not occur at the olfactory sensory level, pointing to its effect at another step, possibly at the central neural processing level. In this study, we provide strong evidence that pyrethrum exerts spatial repellency through a novel, dual-target mechanism. It is remarkable that, centuries ago, humans unknowingly exploited a hidden potent synergism between activation of sodium channels by pyrethrins and activation of AaOr31 by EBF in a natural plant extract against insect bites.
Elucidation of this two-target mechanism for a popular natural insect repellent has significant implications in the design of a new generation of synthetic repellent mixtures against major mosquito vectors of infectious human diseases, including malaria, dengue and Zika. AaOr31 is conserved in all three major disease-transmitting mosquito genera, Aedes, Anopheles and Culex Supplementary Fig.
To our knowledge, Or31 in the first conserved mosquito odorant receptor that has been demonstrated to mediate repellency. Furthermore, for this first time we show that, besides acting on sodium channels, pyrethrins also directly activate Or s located in sst-1A neurons, although the identity of pyrethrin-activated Or s remains to be determined.
Previous research revealed extensive alternative splicing and RNA editing of the sodium channel transcript, which produces a wide range of functional diversity of insect sodium channels in Drosophila and cockroach, including differential sensitivities to pyrethroids It is likely that pyrethrins at non-lethal concentrations of pyrethrins activate pyrethrin—hypersensitive sodium channel variants expressed in certain neural circuits, which leads to depolarization of membrane potential and influences the activity of neural circuits in response to EBF and other Or-activating repellents.
Functional identification and localization of such pyrethrin—hypersensitive sodium channel variants will be necessary to advance further mechanistic understanding of the pyrethrin-EBF synergism in repellency.
The discovery of a two-target mechanism in pyrethrum repellency will likely stimulate future development of a new generation of durable and wide-spectrum insect repellents.
Indeed, citronellyl cyclobutanecarboxylate CCBC was recently developed as a promising synthetic citronellol-derived repellent with improved stability and other physiochemical properties. As shown in Supplementary Fig. This illustrates the promising nature of Or31 for new repellent discoveries.
Five Ae. One An. The hand-in-cage assay was similar to the hand-in-glove assay by Boyle et al. A piece of magnetic frame slightly larger than the dimension of the window was glued onto the cut window which was used as a base for stacking more magnetic window frames Fig.
One piece of test compound-treated polyester netting Shason Textile Inc. The stacked magnetic frames were further secured with a binder clip. The stacking creates sufficient space between the treated net and the untreated net so that mosquitoes that land on the open window were not able to contact the treated net or contact and pierce the skin of the hand in the glove.
The hand makes no contact with the treated net.
Learning Electronics
It reviews the design objectives for the two main types of power management, reactive and proactive, and examines how both can be implemented. For decades, scientists and engineers have been fascinated by cybernetic organisms more commonly, cyborgs that fuse artificial and natural systems. Cyborgs allow us to harness biological systems that have been honed by evolutionary forces over millennia to achieve astounding feats. For example, male moths can detect a single pheromone molecule, a sensitivity of roughly g.
Help making my own Mosquito
Ever wondered how come you can just simply tune in to your favorite FM Radio Channel. Moreover, ever had the curiosity of making your own FM Station on a specific frequency? Well if the answer is Yes to any of those questions then you are at the right place!. We are going to look into making small FM Transmitter for Hobby Purposes with a really basic component guide and components that are readily available off the shelf. This is my second encounter with LM I was pleased with the sound this chip produced the first time, so I decided to make another amplifier with it. The schematic is based on the schematic in the datasheet of the chip with minor changes. I made the output inductance L1 by winding 15 turns of enameled wire around the resistor R7. The diameter of the wire must be minimum 0.
A dual-target molecular mechanism of pyrethrum repellency against mosquitoes
Click Here to See how you get new Article. How It works. As you see in the pictures Mosquito Killer Bat looks like a Badminton racket. It has three layers of metal mesh one inner mesh and two outer mesh in the form of the net in the upper portion. If you see the circuit diagram then you will notice the output terminals of the circuit for the Inner and Outer mesh.
A pulsed UWB receiver SoC for insect motion control
The new secret schematics vault is here! Click any of the quick links below to access area of interest: Alarms and security related schematics Audio power amplifiers Audio preamplifiers Automative and car related schematics Data acquisition and data logging schematics Filter schematics Games and fun stuff schematics Infrared based schematics Laser related power supplies and data transmission LED related schematics Lighting schematics Medical and health related schematics Microcontroller based schematics Misc audio also see Music, Amplifiers, Preamp Miscellaneous schematics Model and remote control schematics Motor and general control schematics Music related schematics also see Audio PC related schematics PDA interfaces and related schematics Power supplies and control schematics Radio-frequency schematics also see Transmitters Solar-powered schematics Telephone and intercom related schematics Test equipment schematics Timing, oscillators etc. Have fun! Play music to your community, start your own small FM radio station, also great for outdoor cinema, advertising, realltor radio, convenient wireless translation, guided tours Top » Catalog » Social Login.
Mosquito Repellent Circuit Using 2N3904 Transistors
Disclaimer: CBTricks. While the CBTricks. Table of Contents. Secret CB Main Index. CBTricks Home Page. Editor: William G.
PCB Design & Analysis
Electromagnetic interference EMI , also called radio-frequency interference RFI when in the radio frequency spectrum, is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction , electrostatic coupling , or conduction. In the case of a data path, these effects can range from an increase in error rate to a total loss of the data. EMI frequently affects AM radios.
Amplifier circuit is also very suitable when used in fm radio receiver. Supply voltage required 8 - 25 Volt DC with a maximum output power 0. See Schematic below Schematics Low-Ripple Power Supply. This circuit can be used where a high current is required with a low-ripple voltage such as in a high-powered class AB amplifier when high-quality reproduction is necessary.
Internet Archive's 25th Anniversary Logo. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip.
Mosquitoes that transmit many deadly infectious diseases also need to keep fighting against many microbial infections. Constitutive expression of multiple antimicrobial peptides AMPs in almost all body tissues is believed to facilitate the effective management of these local infections. When any infection breaches the local barrier, AMPs are induced rapidly in non-target tissues such as hemocytes HCs and establish their co-ordination with systemic immune effectors to clear off the body infection.
wonderfully, is the very valuable answer