Intensity formula 2000

Sample size refers to the number n of sampling units that are selected from the population. Sampling intensity refers to the proportion of the population that is been sampled. It is important to realize that the standard error depends on sample size and not on sampling intensity. When sample size is large although sampling intensity may be relatively small , one may expect precise results.

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Intensity formula 2000

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Content:

• Welcome to UPSC
• Using the 80/20 Rule to Balance Triathlon Training Intensity
• Are You Stuck in a Moderate-Intensity Running Rut Without Knowing It?
• Work Accomplished = Time Spent x Intensity
• Target Heart Rate and Estimated Maximum Heart Rate
• Sound Intensity & Loudness
• Energy intensity of alumina refining by region, 2000-2018
• ShakeMap Documentation
• Intensity level for exercise training in fibromyalgia by using mathematical models
• Iowa Head and Neck Protocols

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Welcome to UPSC

Metrics details. It has not been assessed before whether mathematical models described in the literature for prescriptions of exercise can be used for fibromyalgia syndrome patients. The objective of this paper was to determine how age-predicted heart rate formulas can be used with fibromyalgia syndrome populations as well as to find out which mathematical models are more accurate to control exercise intensity. A total of 60 women aged years with fibromyalgia syndrome were included; 32 were randomized to walking training at anaerobic threshold.

Age-predicted formulas to maximum heart rate " minus age" and " minus 0. Subsequently, six mathematical models using heart rate reserve HRR and age-predicted HRMax formulas were studied to estimate the intensity level of exercise training corresponding to heart rate at anaerobic threshold HRAT obtained by spiroergometry. Linear and nonlinear regression models were used for correlations and residues analysis for the adequacy of the models.

For exercise prescription in the anaerobic threshold intensity, the percentages were Age-predicted formulas can be used for estimating HRMax and for exercise prescriptions in women with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Karnoven's formula using heart rate achieved in ergometric test showed a better correlation. Peer Review reports. Fibromyalgia syndrome is a common painful syndrome characterized by the presence of chronic diffuse pain [ 1 ]. Patients with this syndrome have decreased physical fitness and this may influence pain intensity, and is involved in fibromyalgia syndrome pathogenesis but the question is why that should be the case [ 2 , 3 ].

There is evidence to suggest that physical activity modulates pain in fibromyalgia syndrome. The first investigator to observe a relationship between pain and exercise was Moldofsky [ 4 ]. He showed that deprivation of deep sleep lowered the threshold for pain in sedentary people, but failed to do so in more physically fit individuals. Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome characteristically exhibit decreased physical fitness [ 4 ]. In spite of aerobic fitness being the most important and frequently non-pharmacological intervention in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome [ 5 — 13 ], clinical trials vary a lot in relation to the prescription parameters.

Maximum oxygen uptake VO 2 Max is extensively used as a measure of cardiorespiratory physical fitness. It is the largest oxygen volume uptake by time unit on breathing atmospheric air during effort, and it is proportional to the product of heart output by the oxygen arteriovenous difference. The anaerobic threshold can be defined as the largest oxygen uptake VO 2 reached without sustained lactacidosis [ 14 ].

It can be measured either directly by lacticemia dosage or indirectly by analysis of expired gases. In this case it is called ventilatory anaerobic threshold. The aerobic-anaerobic transition may serve as a basis for individually assessing endurance performance as well as for prescribing intensities in endurance training.

This model consists of two typical breakpoints that are passed during incremental exercise: the intensity at which blood lactate concentration begin to rise above baseline levels and the highest intensity at which lactate production and elimination are in equilibrium maximal lactate steady state [ 15 ].

Ventilatory anaerobic threshold oxygen uptake VO 2 AT or anaerobic threshold, although used less than VO 2 Max, is also a good physical fitness indicator, and it has the advantage of not being maximum effort dependent, i. It seems to be more influenced by training than VO 2 Max and represents a safer intensity for exercise.

Anaerobic threshold is considered to be the gold standard to exercise prescription for healthy and well-trained people. In spite of being unfit, it was demonstrated that physical activities in the anaerobic threshold intensity is well tolerated and efficient in the fibromyalgia syndrome [ 12 , 13 ] and should be used to exercise prescription and to assess aerobic fitness in fibromyalgia syndrome since these patients do not achieve maximal test [ 2 ].

Spiroergometric test allows the achievement of VO 2 and heart rate HR values. This is also a less invasive test to identify the anaerobic threshold. However, in clinical practice, it is not always possible to perform ergometric or spiroergometric test. Hence, mathematical formulas are widely used in exercise prescriptions [ 17 ]. For a long time, there has been a search for the formula to estimate the HRMax and with the objective of making the prescription of physical activity more feasible.

Perhaps because of its easy application and memorization, the formula " - age" was instituted as one of the most applied formulas to calculate the HRMax and the prescription of physical activity in a health population [ 18 — 22 ].

A meta-analysis by Robergs and Landwehr included all studies conducted until and obtained the formula " The Karvonen's formula [ 25 ] has been used to calculate HR of training, especially for athletes and cardiac patients [ 26 — 29 ]. This formula use percentage of heart rate reserve HRR to determine exercise intensity level HR of training. These mathematical models were tested in general healthy population, but not for fibromyalgia syndrome patients. Patients with fibromyalgia display dysautonomia [ 30 — 32 ], acute basal heart rate, and low HRMax heart rate even after being trained [ 12 ].

Taking into consideration that basal heart rate HRB and response to training is altered in these patients, it is necessary to assess whether these mathematical models described in the literature are suitable for prescriptions of exercise for fibromyalgia syndrome patients.

Thus, the objective of this paper was to determine how age-predicted heart rate formulas can be used with fibromyalgia syndrome populations as well as to find out which mathematical models are more accurate to control exercise intensity.

Patients with cardiorespiratory diseases, cardiac symptoms, hypertension, diabetis, neurological disorders, body mass index greater than 35, hypothyroidism, or other rheumatic diseases were excluded. Physical exam including blood pressure, and basal electrocardiogram were normal. All patients were newly diagnosed and had never had previous treatment. Only acetaminophen was allowed as rescue medication. Women without regular physical training for the last 3 months were classified as sedentary.

Thirty-two patients were randomized according to the sequence arrival to supervised walking training, thrice a week, for 45 min duration for 20 weeks. The gold standard for intensity-level prescription was the heart rate at anaerobic threshold HRAT obtained by spiroergometric test. Heart rate was monitorized during the exercise program. The patients were evaluated by a blinded investigator at the beginning and after 20 weeks end of exercise program. All the patients read and signed the consent terms.

All the patients underwent an increasing load protocol on the treadmill, with a maximum duration of 13 min [ 2 ]. The spiroergometry was evaluated by a blinded investigator. The HR at the end of each stage and the HRMax were monitored and recorded through a frequencymeter [ 12 ]. First, the HRMax estimated by " - age " and " - 0.

Specific model to fibromyalgia syndrome patients was calculated by regression analysis and was correlated with the achieved and age-predicted HRMax. Subsequently, we obtained the ideal percentage that should be inserted into the six mathematical models to estimate the HRAT that is considered as the best parameter for intensity-level prescription. The models 1 and 3 used the achieved HRMax in the spiroergometric test.

The models 2 and 4 used the HRMax predicted by " - age" formula. The models 5 and 6 used HRMax estimated by " - 0. To evaluate whether all models can be used in fibromyalgia syndrome fit patients, the 32 individuals who underwent walking training were reassessed after 20 weeks of exercise. Data before and after training were compared. Residues analysis was used to verify model adequacy. Linear models analysis 3, 4, and 6 included linear regression, Hypothesis Tests, Confidence Intervals, F-test and Student's t -test.

For the non linear models analysis 1, 2, and 5 and to compare all the models, the residues analysis was used and the dispersion graphs were presented showing the observed value on the Y axis and the estimated value on X axis. There is a good correlation between this specific formula for fibromyalgia and " - age" and " - 0.

There was a correlation between the achieved and estimated HRAT. All the non-linear models 1, 2, and 5 were well adjusted. The percentage of HRR was Residuals analysis showed that the best adjusted mathematical model was model 1, followed by models 3, 5, 2, 6, and 4. Table 1 presents the means and standard deviations that were calculated for this analysis.

The best model should have minor SD. After training patients significantly improved fitness as demonstrated by VO 2 Max increase and VO 2 at anaerobic threshold increase [ 12 ]. Comparisons between the models before and after the fitness program showed that HRAT was greater after fitness than before, with a statistical significance.

Table 2 presents the percentages of HRMax and HRR for sedentary and fitness after 20 weeks of training fibromyalgia patients. This study has demonstrated that published formulas to estimate HRMax and HRR can be used for fibromyalgia syndrome patients. The validation of the published formulas to this specific population and the demonstration of the appropriate percentage to be used in these formulas to obtain intensity level at anaerobic in sedentary or fit patients with fibromyalgia will facilitate the exercise prescription in daily clinical practice by doctors, physiotherapists and physical instructors.

In order to achieve aerobic threshold intensity for training fibromyalgia syndrome patients, percentage inserted to formulas should be corrected to this population. Another important contribution of this study was to show which percentage to HRMax and HRR should be used in each formula to prescribe exercise on that intensity-level corresponding to HRAT. These percentages differ a little from those used in general population and suffer a lot of changes in trained patients [ 16 ] and hence, they have to be adjusted.

The achieved HRMax was better than the estimated HRMax, because it is more reliable, while HR is individual and influenced by aerobic fitness, pain intensity, and dysautonomia [ 33 ]. Hence, HRB rate seems to be important in fibromyalgia syndrome exercise prescription. In fibromyalgia syndrome, the HRB was observed to be higher when compared with normal sedentary even in healthy subjects [ 13 ].

Age-predicted HRMax also showed good results, but " - 0. This may be owing to the fact that patients with fibromyalgia do not take maximum effort and HRmax is underestimated. This study demonstrated that the prescription percentages using achieved HRMax by spiroergometry were higher than the age-predicted HRMax formulas " - age" and " - 0.

According to a Brazilian research on the comparison between the intensity-level training through ergometric test, spiroergometric test, and age-predicted HRMax in healthy population, the prescriptions using formulas were observed to overestimate HRAT [ 40 ]. The majority of studies about exercise training in fibromyalgia syndrome do not describe details of prescriptions [ 41 ].

Some have used percentage of HRmax obtained by ergometry [ 7 , 42 ], and others have evaluated a 6 min walking test [ 9 , 43 , 44 ]. Few have used spiroergometry to detect anaerobic threshold [ 12 , 13 ]. This effect could be explained by dysautonomia presented in fibromyalgia syndrome. Meta-analysis demonstrated that the intensity-level training at anaerobic threshold or higher is necessary to improve exercise effects, especially in healthy subjects.

Major changes were observed to take place close to weeks after training, and it may be soon lost whenever training intensity is decreased [ 45 ]. Similarly, this study demonstrated comparable results.

To improve aerobic fitness in aerobic-conditioned fibromyalgia syndrome patients, higher prescription percentages should be used in the formulas. The determinations of anaerobic threshold by means of HR curve analysis have some limitation and it is not always possible due to different response to effort of myocardial function and HR [ 46 ]. However, formulas are the most used, cheap and relevant in the clinical practice for aerobic exercise prescription. In conclusion, the assessed formulas can be used to estimate HRMax and for exercise prescriptions in women with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Using the 80/20 Rule to Balance Triathlon Training Intensity

Unable to hear soft sounds. Can hear conversations in a quiet setting but my have difficulty in noisy environments. Has difficulty hearing a normal conversation. May lip-read or use hearing aids to assist with communication. Generally, cannot understand speech. Unable to hear 'loud' stimuli such as lawn mowers or passing cars.

Are You Stuck in a Moderate-Intensity Running Rut Without Knowing It?

The obsession began with my interest in performing well at Dartmouth, then eventually evolved into a surprisingly popular book. Something I uncovered during this period is that high performing undergraduates, as a general rule, seem to internalize the following formula:. This formula helps explain why some students can spend all night in the library and still struggle, while others never seem to crack a book but continually bust the curve. A small number of highly intense hours, for example, can potentially produce more results than a night of low-intensity highlighting. This is how I avoided all-nighters, for example, during my three year stretch of 4. In other words, intensity affects the productivity of a knowledge worker as much as it helps the GPA of a college student. Optimizing your intensity, in other words, might be more than a minor enhancement to personal productivity; it might instead unlock absurd rates of production.

Work Accomplished = Time Spent x Intensity

In a quiet forest, you can sometimes hear a single leaf fall to the ground. But when a passing motorist has his stereo turned up, you cannot even hear what the person next to you in your car is saying Figure We are all very familiar with the loudness of sounds and are aware that loudness is related to how energetically the source is vibrating. High noise exposure is hazardous to hearing, which is why it is important for people working in industrial settings to wear ear protection.

Target Heart Rate and Estimated Maximum Heart Rate

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Flashing lights, such as aircraft anti-collision lights, marine aids-to-navigation lights, obstruction lights, and emergency vehicle warning lights, are characterized according to their effective intensity cd. Effective intensity is defined as luminous intensity cd of a steady light having the same relative spectral distribution as the flashing light, which would have the same luminous range or visual range in aviation terminology as the flashing light under identical conditions of observation. This term is intended to account for the temporal response of the human visual system, where pulses of shorter duration and high peak intensities are more conspicuous than slower pulses with low peak intensities despite having the same time-integrated intensity candela second. There are three commonly used formulae for calculating effective intensity one developed by Allard in , another developed by Blondel-Rey in , and the Form Factor method.

Sound Intensity & Loudness

Through this multi-part activity, students learn about the properties of sound waves, particularly sound intensity and loudness. They learn how to measure intensity and loudness, the difference between sound and noise, and when a sound is considered noise pollution. Using data like intensity readings and spectrograms, and simple techniques like listening to and identifying sounds, students research how sounds affect people and the environment. The intensity of a sound is the power of the sound in Watts divided by the area the sound covers in square meters. The loudness of a sound relates the intensity of any given sound to the intensity at the threshold of hearing. It is measured in decibels dB. The threshold of human hearing has an intensity of about. The threshold of pain for humans is 1 Watt per meter squared and corresponds to dB.

Energy intensity of alumina refining by region, 2000-2018

Gumbel statistic distribution was applied in order to obtain the rainfall height and intensity in the following return periods: 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. For the intensity of temporal variability pattern along of the rainfall duration time, the convective, or advanced pattern was the predominant, with larger precipitate rainfalls in the first half of the duration. The same pattern presented larger occurrences in the spring and summer stations.

ShakeMap Documentation

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Intensity level for exercise training in fibromyalgia by using mathematical models

The number of pieces calculated here has been generated by taking account of correction coefficients: see below. The illumination of rooms with different functions requires different light intensity, the necessary lighting will be calculated, at your option, either on the basis of an average or a recommended rate. For the average height of the rooms 2. The most frequent standard rates lux for the indoor artificial lighting will be calculated by the calculator in accordance with the norm MSZ Ageing must be taken into consideration already for the design of lighting.

Iowa Head and Neck Protocols

Geoscience Letters volume 6 , Article number: 17 Cite this article. Metrics details. The rainfall intensity—duration—frequency IDF curves play an important role in water resources engineering and management.