Bolivia quechua language speakers
Quechua languages are not all mutually intelligible, but speakers are generally unaware of that fact, since they use it mostly in local, communitarian settings. This study examines the evolving speech behavior and meta-linguistic discourse of an international group of Quechua speakers, most of whom were encountering different varieties of Quechua for the first time as participants in a two-year graduate program in bilingual-intercultural education. Over the course of the program, students developed several strategies to facilitate communication across their different Quechua varieties. We examine those strategies and their implications for language planning, language education, and the emergence of a broader pan-Quechua identity.
===We are searching data for your request:
Bolivia quechua language speakers
Wait the end of the search in all databases.
Upon completion, a link will appear to access the found materials.
Content:
- Incan language jumps into digital age
- An Introduction To Quechua, One Of The World’s Most Widely Spoken Indigenous Languages
- Highland Aymara and Quechua
- Indigenous Peoples in Bolivia
- Translation of "quechua" in Chinese
- Peru Native Hopes to Preserve 'Quechua’ an Endangered Indigenous Language
- Quechua, language of the Incas
- Communicative strategies across Quechua languages
Incan language jumps into digital age
It is not to be confused with North Bolivian Quechua , which is spoken on the northern Andean slopes of Bolivia and is phonologically distinct from the South Bolivian variety. Estimates of the number of speakers of South Bolivian Quechua range from 2. In comparison, the North Bolivian dialect has roughly , speakers. South Bolivian Quechua is a member of the Southern branch of the Quechua language family , making it closely related to other Southern Quechua dialects including Ayacucho and particularly Cuzco Quechua , [4] varieties which are both spoken in Peru.
The Quechua language family spans an extremely diverse set of languages, many of which are mutually unintelligible, which is why linguists have classified Quechua as a language family as opposed to one language with many dialects. Though it is believed that all Quechuan languages descended from a single ancestor, Proto-Quechua, there is still debate on how the modern Quechuan languages evolved into their current states, and what this timeline would look like.
As a result of this, there have been numerous suggested classifications and theories of the relatedness of specific languages and dialects of Quechua. Joseph Greenberg , in his highly contested theory of the Amerind superfamily , places the Quechua language family in the Andean branch of Amerind, which is part of the larger Southern Amerind branch that encompasses all indigenous South American languages.
Much of Greenberg's proposal has been disproved, and his claims regarding Quechua are equally suspect. Even at one of his lower subgroupings, the Andean language family, the idea that Andean languages such as Quechua and Aymara are related is still debated, and the common consensus is that similarities between Quechua and Aymara arose from language contact as opposed to a genetic relationship.
There are some dialectal differences in South Bolivian Quechua across the regions of Bolivia. There are perhaps still a few speakers, out of 8, ethnic Quechua, in Chile. Quechua is recognized as an official language of Bolivia, one of the 36 indigenous languages declared official in the nation's constitution. South Bolivian Quechua has a large number of speakers compared to other indigenous languages. However, Quechua is still in danger of devaluing and encroachment from the prestige language Spanish.
The Ethnologue lists South Bolivian Quechua as "developing", which indicates that "the language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable. Over the past few decades, there has been a surge in revitalization efforts for Quechua and other indigenous languages due to factors such as a growth in international tourism promoting cultural pride. In Bolivia, many policymakers are advocating the teaching of Quechua and other indigenous languages like Aymara in all public schools and government offices.
The following table displays the consonant sounds in South Bolivian Quechua using the orthographic system employed by Bills The five sounds contrast with both their aspirated and glottalized versions, a characteristic that occurs in many dialects of the Quechua language family and is believed to be as a result of exposure to Aymara , which makes the same distinctions.
The three nasal sounds assimilate to the point of articulation of the following consonant sound. South Bolivian Quechua generally has a simple CV C syllable structure, where the coda consonant is optional. The onset consonant is also optional word-initially, as in the words ima "what" and uk "one", and Spanish borrowings can contain word-initial consonant clusters of the form CCV C , as in bwenos diyas "good morning".
No more than two consonants are allowed in a consonant cluster. Proto-Quechua has few constraints on the combinations of consonant clusters allowed, but due to consonant lenition syllable-finally, there are greater restrictions on the types of consonant clusters that occur in South Bolivian Quechua.
Primary stress generally occurs on the penultimate syllable of the word, with secondary stresses on alternating syllables. Rare exceptions exist where the final syllable of the word carries the primary stress, such as in ari "yes".
There also exist some 'emotive' suffixes in the language that are always stressed, resulting in stress on the last syllable of the word.
South Bolivian Quechua is an agglutinative , polysynthetic language with a rich derivational morphology , allowing the language to convey a large amount of information in a single word. As a result of this, words in South Bolivian Quechua can be very long. Words in the language are purely suffixal ; no other types of affixes are used. These suffixes are also highly regular, with alternations generally only occurring to maintain syllable structure.
South Bolivian Quechua has many clearly derivational suffixes, where a noun, verb, or adjective is derived from a different lexical category. There are several categories of verbal suffixes in South Bolivian Quechua.
These include modal suffixes , object markers , tense and aspect markers, and person markers. South Bolivian Quechua has a great amount of modal suffixes that are used to express a range of concepts. Some examples include:. Some of these modal suffixes can be derivational if used with a non-verb—for example, -naya and -na. Person markers differentiate between first, second, and third persons and plurality, as well as an inclusive and exclusive first person plural. Object markers and subject markers are used in the language, and object markers appear before subject markers.
The object marker is -wa for a first person object and -su for a second person object. The following table details possible combinations of object and subject markers.
All non-present tenses in the indicative are marked by a suffix directly preceding the person marking. The present subjunctive is marked with a suffix following the person marking. Examples of tense markers include the simple past suffix -rqa , past imperfect -yka , and past perfect -sqa.
Tense suffixes can change form depending on person and can alter person marking in some cases: for instance, in the past imperfect tense, both the third person singular and plural subject markers typically -n , -nchiq , or -nku depending on object become -q , meaning that a verb in the past imperfect with a third person subject would end in -yka-q. Apart from case-marking suffixes, nouns in South Bolivian Quechua can also be pluralized with the suffix -kuna or by a numeral modifier preceding the noun.
However, most speakers use the suffix -s, borrowed from Spanish, when the noun ends in a vowel. The Quechua suffix -kuna is usually only used when a noun ends in a consonant, such as with yan road , which becomes yankuna roads.
Possessiveness is marked by a suffix attached to the noun, with the form that the morpheme takes dependent on person, plurality, and whether it is following a vowel or consonant.
Pronouns in the language have no person markers, but do have plural markers that vary by person. Possessive pronouns are marked by the addition of the appropriate genitive suffix.
Adjectives can be made into superlatives with the suffix -puni , as in kosa "good"; kosa-puni "good above all others, best". Some suffixes in South Bolivian Quechua can be used with words of any lexical category, and are generally found at the end of the word after all other suffixes.
Some examples are:. Reduplication is used extensively for various purposes, and can be derivational: [15]. For instance, the following sentences all mean "Atahuallpa had Huascar killed":. One aspect of word order that is constant in the language is the fact that noun modifiers must directly precede the noun adjective-noun. South Bolivian Quechua is nominative-accusative. Nouns can have the following case markers:.
Passives are marked by suffixes, including -sqa on the verb, -manta "from, by" on the agent, and -wan "with" on the instrument, as in the following examples:. Subordination is mostly indicated by participles, and can be marked for tense only relative to the main verb. Subordination need not be explicitly marked, as certain participles can be understood as subordinative—for example, a literal gloss of His coming, I will leave can be interpreted as When he comes, I will leave or If he comes, I will leave.
Other suffixes such as -qti "when" and -rayku "because" can also be used to mark a subordinate clause. In addition, subordination can also be indicated lexically by ukta From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Dialect of Southern Quechua. Language family. The four branches of Quechua. Adelaar, in discussing the Quechua language family as a whole, categorizes these consonants as alveolar. Online version. The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, Quechua Dialects and Their Classification.
The Washington Post, 30 January An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua. Austin: U of Texas P, Bolivian Quechua Reader and Grammar-Dictionary. Ann Arbor: Karoma, Quechuan languages. Chachapoyas Kichwa Inga Lamas. Languages of Argentina. Guarani Mapuche Quechua. Puelche Tehuelche Teushen. Argentine Sign Language. Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages of Bolivia. Bolivian Sign Language. Italics indicate extinct languages still recognized by the Bolivian constitution.
Languages of Chile. Spanish Mapudungun formerly. Hidden categories: Language articles citing Ethnologue 18 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Uralan Buliwya runasimi. Bolivia ; a few in Argentina , Chile. Quechuas , Kolla.
An Introduction To Quechua, One Of The World’s Most Widely Spoken Indigenous Languages
The switch is instant. One moment, he is explaining in clear, relaxed Spanish how fossilized dinosaur footprints are formed. The next, another tour guide passes and he switches into a swift, lilting chat punctuated by explosive little sounds, entirely unintelligible to me. He is speaking Quechua. David is one of several million Bolivians who are bilingual in Spanish and an indigenous language. Spanish feels like the language of tourists and outsiders, a lingua franca used to communicate but not to crack jokes or declare love.
Highland Aymara and Quechua
The Quechua Indians of the central Andes are the direct descendants of the Incas. The Inca Empire, which existed for a century before the arrival of the Spanish, was a highly developed civilization. The Inca Empire stretched from parts of present-day Colombia in the north, southward into Chile. The Incas had an impressive governing structure. The government imposed tribute and taxes on the population which were exacted in the form of labor and in crops. Vast warehouses were used to store food, which was then distributed in times of famine. The Incas also had an immense army, used to continuously expand the empire and conquer new peoples. The Spanish conquistadors arrived in South America in the early s.
Indigenous Peoples in Bolivia
In there were about 1. In there were about 5, speakers of South Bolivian Quechua in Argentina, and there were about 1, speakers in Chile in In Argentina the language is known as Colla. Simi yachaqkunaqa rimanakun, qhichwa simi hukllachu achkachu rimay. Ichataq Chanka rimaqqa manam Wanka rimayta hap'inchu, Wankataq manam Chanka rimaytachu.
Translation of "quechua" in Chinese
Like many Latin American countries, Bolivia is predominantly a Spanish-speaking nation. Still, it has a very large indigenous population, many of whom report an indigenous language as their mother tongue. The Bolivian government even recognizes its many indigenous languages as official languages of the nation. Most languages in Bolivia are indigenous languages but there are some immigrant languages spoken, most notably Standard German. Bolivia is unique in that it has many official languages.
Peru Native Hopes to Preserve 'Quechua’ an Endangered Indigenous Language
At the moment, people speaking this language live mainly in the plains in south-eastern Bolivia: in the Tarija area, in the Chuquisaca area, and to the south of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. They show a real interest for their language in itself. They want to protect their cultural heritage, are motivated and willing to work with foreigners. The materials in this collection were collected in individual sessions but also in collective meetings from speakers of different occupations, ages, genders and geographical origins i. When completed, this collection will contain. The data and relative publications will be archived at the Dynamique du Langage laboratory, in Lyon France. Daviet, Windy. Endangered Languages Archive.
Quechua, language of the Incas
Apply to Rowan. Peru-born director and producer Dr. Cuzco was the capital of the Inca Empire and continues to be a focal point for Quechua language maintenance and promotion. Quechua is endangered as it continues to lose ground to Spanish through language shift.
Communicative strategies across Quechua languages
RELATED VIDEO: European speaking Quechua, the Inka language - Spaniard Speaks Quechua #1How Endangered is Quechua? This text is particularly about the situation of Quechua in Peru, though most of the points apply generally also to Quechua in Bolivia and Ecuador. The Threat to Quechua. A Recent Quechua Revival? Will Quechua Survive? The Minor Dialects: Imminent Extinction.
Acquisition, loss and change in Southern Quechua and Spanish — what happened to evidential marking? How to use context to disambiguate overlapping categories: The test case of Japanese vowel length. The title and abstract are as follows:. In the present study, we used eye-tracking methodology to examine the gaze behavior of English-speaking subjects while they performed Masapollo et al. We successfully replicated this directional effect using Masapollo et al.
Have you ever felt excluded for speaking your own language in another country? Imagine if that happened in your homeland. Millions of Latin Americans --especially those of indigenous descent-- who speak a language other than Spanish or Portuguese face this linguistic exclusion every day. This exclusion extends to other areas of life, including those of employment, health, education, and of course, in the social sphere.
You know my opinion