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Content:

• Category: Input common mode range differential amplifier
• ACTON II BLUETOOTH
• Isolation amplifier
• Beginner Introduction Guide to Tubes & Valves in Amps & Audio
• SX-150 Analog Synthesizer Kit
• Hathaway scores twice, Capitals snap Kings' point streak 2-0

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: cadence tutorial : Operational amplifier design in cadence Part 1c. Diff amp design

Category: Input common mode range differential amplifier

Tubes can be a little confusing when you first start looking into them. If you want to learn more about them, to gain a basic knowledge of the subject, this guide is for you. Most of what is written will be in the musical context of amplification.

If you're looking to buy tubes we do sell them here. A vacuum tube is a device which is currently used in audio devices, and used to be used in a range of electronic equipment. They often resemble a glass bottle or jar with metal bits inside. It essentially controls the flow of current and amplifies signal in audio applications.

It has the added benefit of providing a touch of that tube distortion which makes a tube tone more pleasing to the ears. It's for this reason people still use tube amps. Firstly some terminology to avoid confusion in the future. Are tubes and valves the same? This is because a single tube can have two different identifiers. This usually refers to either the European or American designation. Often both terms are included in product descriptions for clarity. Here are some of the most common tube types with the European name followed by the American name.

But what do those letters and numbers all mean? On some of the tubes, the code simply represents the product code, for example the ECC However, the American designation often contains some information about the tube. The 12AU7 for example can be split into several parts:.

Any extra letters often refer to an update in the version number, or an adjustment by the factory. They needed to distinguish it from the old version. Tube used to be used in a range of electronic equipment computers, radio, TV and general electrics but was replaced by the transistor which you get in standard solid state guitar amplifiers.

First we need to look at the parts of the tube to understand how they work. Most tubes, but not all of them contain these components. The first component that truly is common to all tube types is the filament. The filament is the part of a vacuum tube that you see glowing when the amplifier is powered on. When an electrical current flows through the filament, it creates both heat and light.

The heat is essential for working with the following component — the cathode:. The cathode is an element located next to the filament so they can best work together. It is negatively charged. It has a coating on it that when heated by the filament , releases electrons. That is the whole point of the cathode, to release free electrons into the vacuum tube after being heated.

Electrons work like a magnet - a positively charged electron is attracted to a negatively charged electron and vice versa. After being released from the cathode, the electrons flow to the next component — the anode, due to this charged attraction. The next element is called the anode, or plate. It's job is simply to attract the free electrons released by the cathode after being heated by the filament. The grid is a charged piece of metal located between the anode and the cathode. If the grid is negatively charged, then the flow from the anode to the cathode is reduced.

This is because a negative from the cathode and negative force from the grid repels. However, if the grid is positively charged then the flow of electrons in accelerated since positive and negative attract. This is the amplification in action. The amplification process also adds that tube distortion to the mix. So to summarise — the filament is the heat generator. This heat then causes the cathode to release electrons towards the anode due to the negative to positive flow.

For beginners I have oversimplified this process in order to aid understanding, if you want specifics check out the further reading at the bottom.

Also this video help explains the process very well:. Some small, some big, some long and thin. A diode is a two element tube that does not have a grid mentioned above. Nearly all electronics need to turn AC into DC. A diode tube also needs the help of some capacitors to make this possible. The rectifier will usually work in conjunction with the transformer. A preamp will amplify the signal and prepare it for further amplification by the power tubes.

A triode is the tube which usually does this. A triode is the most common sort of tube. They can amplify the signal but also create some distortion. Triodes can combine signals and split them into two separate signals. They can also invert the polarity or phase of a signal.

Power tubes further amplify and drive your signal. They are required on larger amps in order to drive the bigger speakers. Tetrodes and Pentodes are usually used in the power amp section, as they are capable of amplifying your input signal much higher than a standard triode.

Tetrodes are four-element tubes and pentodes are five-element tubes. Typically, these tubes work in a similar way to triodes but have additional elements called screens. Screens are usually in between the cathode and anode.

There are different types of tubes in one of the three groups above which all can all sound different. They can sound better or worse at different points along the sound spectrum which results in different uses. And then alternate brands can sound different when compared to a competitors equivalent. Explaining the different brands of tubes get tricky. Any other brands you see are rebrands of these three main factories.

For example some of the stock Fender, Marshall and Mesa Boogie tubes are rebranded from these factories. There are subtle differences between the three factories, the below are some generalisations about the different tube brands. Everyone has a brand that they like. There are numerous posts online saying X brand is terrible, while there are as many posts saying that brand X is the best out there.

Also you get people saying "I replaced brand X with brand Y and brand Y sound much better! And new tubes sound better than old worn out tubes.

You can't compare old tubes to new tubes. So it's not a fair comparison. The only way to know is to try a certain tube for yourself. Vintage tubes are very much in demand because they are thought to be incredibly well made and some think sonically superior. The problem is that these tubes are no longer in production and are quite rare. They are unused old tubes from brands such as Mullard, General Electric, and Phillips.

In reality there will probably be minimal difference between the tone of an amp with NOS tubes, or one with the modern production brands. If you want the very very best, or are reproducing an authentic vintage amp then NOS are a great choice. But for all other purposes the modern brands also sound great and save you quite a bit too. Many modern brands also have premium ranges which claim to meet and exceed some of the vintage tubes. However these will cost more than their standard range.

There are two types of amplifiers — tube amps and solid state amps. The solid state amps do use "replacements" for tubes — transistors. They are still fulfilling the same function of diode and triodes tubes, just with an alternative technology. With sound it always comes down to subjectivity, but a lot of people do prefer the sound of tube amps. Both types can sound very good. Much will depend on the build quality of the amp itself. Just light. This type of distortion compared to solid state distortion is called harmonic even ordered.

Tube amps also have softer clipping - so they overload gradually. The more input, the more distortion. But there's no sudden point where they suddenly start to clip. Unlike solid state, there would be no sharp edges if you looked at the waveform. So tube amps should sound warmer and more well rounded because of this.

Tubes do go bad, or break.

ACTON II BLUETOOTH

If you asked 10 veteran guitar players…. Because among the endless number of factors that ultimately determine the tone of an electric guitar …. Finding the right one can be tricky…since a great choice for one player might be a terrible choice for someone else…. Typically, stacks are used for performing in large venues, mainly because they are capable of bigger, louder sounds.

Isolation amplifier

The world of guitar slides is not easy to navigate. As is often the case with guitar gear, when it comes to picking the right guitar slide, there is an overwhelming amount of choice. Not only do slides come in different shapes, sizes and thicknesses; they are all made from different materials. Each of these elements affects their tone and playability, and so they are important to consider. There I cover everything you need to understand the fundamentals of guitar slides. I look at the different shapes, sizes and materials from which slides are made. And I look at how these different elements affect both tone and playability.

Beginner Introduction Guide to Tubes & Valves in Amps & Audio

This guide will explain everything you need to know when buying a guitar slide from finding the right size to the type of material. Once you find a guitar slide that suits you, find out How to Use a Guitar Slide here for a lesson with simple guitar slide exercises in Guitar TAB and diagrams. Then you can learn some Easy Guitar Slide Songs here to get started playing with a guitar slide on some of the best guitar slide songs. A guitar slide creates a smooth and slippery sound well known in blues music.

SX-150 Analog Synthesizer Kit

Tubes can be a little confusing when you first start looking into them. If you want to learn more about them, to gain a basic knowledge of the subject, this guide is for you. Most of what is written will be in the musical context of amplification. If you're looking to buy tubes we do sell them here. A vacuum tube is a device which is currently used in audio devices, and used to be used in a range of electronic equipment.

Hathaway scores twice, Capitals snap Kings' point streak 2-0

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