Electro dynamic loudspeakers

As True Wireless Stereo TWS earphones become more mainstream, the consumer has increasingly high demands for performance and features, including Active Noise Cancellation ANC , higher-quality sound, increased battery life, and quick charging. Balanced Armature BA drivers bring improved fidelity and detail over traditional dynamic drivers. Balanced armature drivers use an electronic signal to vibrate a tiny reed that is balanced between two magnets inside a tiny enclosure. The motion of the reed is transferred to a very stiff aluminum diaphragm.

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Content:

• Antoine Falaize
• Numerical modelling of electrodynamic loudspeakers
• WELCOME TO THE SPEED OF SOUND
• New Products for 2022 and Beyond
• A low cost flexible electro-dynamic planar loudspeaker
• US1944725A - Electrodynamic speaker - Google Patents
• Unique Electrodynamic Speaker Designs
• US5129005A - Electrodynamic loudspeaker - Google Patents
• Creating ANC earphones and hearables with balanced armatures

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: Electrodynamic Loudspeaker, Structure \u0026 Working of Electrodynamic Loudspeaker, Audio Video System

Antoine Falaize

The standard dynamic speaker we know today was developed in the s and uses a magnetic field to move a coil or magnet that is connected to a diaphragm. Of course, there are other types of speakers that depend on the type of amplification device, in addition to standard round speakers, in this article we will look at a few basic types: horn horn , piezoelectric, magnetostrictive speakers, electrostatic, ribbon and flat magnetic speakers, wave, flat panel speakers, "air traffic converters", plasma speakers, and digital speakers.

These speakers were the very first form of sound amplification. They don't need electricity to amplify. These speakers have been used in their designs for example: Thomas Edison, Magnavox, and Victrola. The period of their use is approximately to Their main drawback is that they cannot produce high-quality and powerful amplification. In the future, they will be completely replaced by speakers and devices based on electricity. Today they are interesting only as an exhibit for collectors, although there are modern developments that fully or partially use the principles of horn speakers.

What is an electrodynamic speaker? It is a device that uses an electromagnetic coil and a diaphragm to create sound. This is the most common type of speaker in the world today. A modern speaker uses an electromagnet to convert electrical signals of varying strengths into cone movement. A coil of copper wire moves in a magnetic field.

It works using the principle of induction. The coil is connected to a cone made of cardboard, paper, vinyl or other material. The diaphragm cone vibrates with the electromagnetic coil. Sound is created and amplified directly by the diaphragm itself. The peculiarity of these speakers is that each type of speaker is produced for a specific frequency range, because it depends on the type of magnets, material and purpose of the speakers.

Sound is a form of energy that travels through a gas or liquid. There are two main parameters for measuring sound: frequency and volume level decibels. Frequency is responsible for the sound quality in the speaker, decibels for the loudness of the sound. People can hear sound with a frequency of 20 - 20, Hz. Hertz is the number of cycles per second. Sound is a wave in the range from 0 energy level to infinity. If you look at the music, then any note does not sound at a constant frequency, it is sound wave which reaches the maximum, for a note C sharp of 1 octave e.

The human perceived frequency spectrum is approximately 20Hz to 20 kHz, the highest sensitivity in the range from 2 to 4 KHz.

Dynamic range from the quietest perceived sounds to the loudest about 96 dB more than 1 in 30, on a linear scale. It is generally known that a person is able to distinguish a frequency change of 0. If two signals differ by less than 1 dB in amplitude, they are difficult to distinguish. The amplitude resolution depends on the frequency and the highest sensitivity is observed in the range from 2 to 4 KHz.

Spatial resolution ability to localize the sound source - up to 1 degree in humans. Sounds of different frequencies travel through the air at different speeds. As a result, the high-frequency part of the spectrum from a source located at a distance from the listener is somewhat delayed. A person is not able to notice the sudden disappearance of high frequencies if it does not exceed about 2ms. Some studies show that humans are able to sense frequencies above 20kHz. With age, the frequency range narrows.

For human speech, information-carrying frequency spectrum: Hz to 2 kHz Low frequencies in our speech are bass and vowels, high frequencies are consonants. Since a neuron can be fired no more than times per second, in order to obtain information about higher frequencies, the human hearing aid resorts to some "tricks": at frequencies up to Hz, the vibrations are directly transformed into nerve impulses.

Up to about 1. In this case, neurons are excited sequentially, one after the other and, accordingly, help to improve the frequency resolution by 3 times.

At higher frequencies, only the signal amplitude is recorded. Thus binaural hearing, which plays an important role in localizing the sound source, is best developed at frequencies below 1. Above this frequency, the only source of position information is the difference in signal amplitudes for the left and right ears. The speaker was capable of reproducing sound very coarsely. This was the first experience of using an electrodynamic loudspeaker.

He did not have a solution for sound amplification, but he suggested that it could eventually be done in the near future. The industry continued to produce horn speakers. Rice of General Electric and E. They built a working prototype in Rice and Kellogg were able to finally solve all the problems that led them to a good, crisp sound. Previous attempts to make a loudspeaker produced poor, unacceptable, muffled sound.

This muffled sound was not good enough to compete with the horn speaker sound that was well known in the market. Rice and Kellogg were able to fully understand what is needed to reproduce all the frequencies needed to create accurate sound.

Their prototype was large enough dynamic range frequencies to be better than the range of the horn speaker, while still being able to significantly increase the volume. In , they applied for patents and gave a speech in St. After several years of work, they refined it as the first commercial product of its kind and named the Radiola No.

The speaker was marketed under the RCA brand. Electrodynamic loudspeakers are now manufactured for several purposes and are divided into main categories:. Tweeters Tweeter - 2 kHz - 20 kHz, used for the production of the entire upper range of tweeters.

Most tweeters are made on the principle of electrodynamic loudspeakers, however there are piezoelectric, electrostatic and plasma tweeters. Midrange speakers Mid-range - - 5 kHz.

This range covers most of the human voice along with most musical instruments. Subwoofer Subwoofer - 20 - Hz. Very low frequencies. The human ear can only hear up to 20 Hz. This means it can be placed anywhere in the room and heard from anywhere with the same sound quality. Subwoofers also produce sound waves that travel easily through walls. Noise from this type of speaker can even penetrate vertically through 5 or more concrete floors in residential buildings.

Needless to say, it's easy to get into trouble with local noise regulations. Subwoofers were developed in the s. This is where NXT technology stands out. NXT panels Is one of the variants of the flat panel loudspeaker design.

The basis was the development for the military industry, however, the main application of such devices was found in consumer electronics. Speaking about the features that distinguish the system favorably, we should name those that are important when using the device in a confined space:. Unlike conventional loudspeakers, NXT is a flat panel technology where it is driven from a single point using a moving coil, piezoelectric element, or other driver.

The NXT drive maximizes the resonant behavior of the panel, for example, by selecting the surface material and locating the exciter. The main idea is to get the most random nature of the movement of any two adjacent points of the panel surface relative to each other - and this is the main breakthrough of NXT. In the very rigid panel of the NXT system, after excitation based on the usual electrodynamic or electrostatic principle, complex vibration processes occur over its entire surface.

In this case, the resonance properties associated with the structure of the material and the point of excitation become more intense, the adjacent elements of the material begin to vibrate arbitrarily. The scientific name for this phenomenon is "distributed vibration mode".

Try to imagine a downhill track where bumps turn into grooves and vice versa. It is necessary that the structure of vibrations in the entire frequency range be as complex and dense as possible. Unlike conventional multi-way loudspeakers, a single NXT is used to reproduce the entire audio range, driven by a single transducer. And the deviations of the frequency response are of the same order as that of conventional loudspeakers.

With an increase in the area up to 1. NXT panels can handle sizes from 25 sq. The smallest ones can be used in a multimedia system together with a laptop, and the largest in cinemas, serving as a screen at the same time. The NXT system has virtually no power limitation, although the temperature of the transducers still has to be controlled. On the other hand, the panels themselves act as a cooler at the same time.

Moreover, the shape of the panel can be adapted to the stand on which it will be placed. At the same time, one should not forget about energy losses on one side of the panel.

The subjective impression of the sound of the NXT system panels can be described as transparent with detailed recognition and transmission of short-term signals without distortion. Speaking of the parameters that favorably distinguish the system, we should first of all mention the almost impeccable sound emission in all directions, the quality of which is somewhat reduced at low frequencies in comparison with classical diffuser loudspeakers.

In addition, the acoustic pressure is much less dependent on distance from the NXT panel. And if the sound pressure measured by traditional methods at a distance of 1 meter is 4 dB less than that of an average dynamic loudspeaker for which we take 90 dB SPL , then when moving 3. So when the listener moves around the room, it is almost impossible to detect any changes in either the frequency spectrum or the loudness.

Due to microscopic movements, the impedance character of the exciter for the panel will be simply resistive, which greatly facilitates the operation of the amplifier. With regard to Hi-Fi playback, the relative disadvantages include some limitation of the low frequency band, as well as the loss of accurate localization.

Numerical modelling of electrodynamic loudspeakers

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WELCOME TO THE SPEED OF SOUND

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New Products for 2022 and Beyond

The following figure represents a device used as a speaker or microphone. In the area where the coil moves, attached to the pavilion , the magnetic field is written :. It can be set in translation movement if it is subject to an exterior force. It is also subject to dissipative forces of sum , spring forces of sum applied by a system of springs, as well as Laplace's forces of sum applied on. The pavilion has a total length of wire equal to and carries an intensity.

A low cost flexible electro-dynamic planar loudspeaker

Patented Jan. Serial No. The invention is for an electro-dynamic speaker or sound translating device. The main object of the invention is to provide a sound translating device of the dynamic type '5 in which the impressed sound waves are capable of being delivered true to form and frequency practically throughout the range of audibility, without the imposition of stray vibrations due to an eccentric air gap. Another object of the invention is to so construct the magnetic core as to permit precision adjustment of the air gap at the time of as sembling the constituent parts whereby the voice coil is caused to float in a truly concentric air p- A further object of the invention is to construct the cone so as to enable precision centering of the voice coil in the air gap and fixing the coil in position by means of an adjustable spider and screws, which screws are accessible through apertures in the cone or membrane, whose natural period is beyond the range of audibility. Other objects of the invention will be apparent when the following description read on the drawing forming a part of this specification.

US1944725A - Electrodynamic speaker - Google Patents

The standard dynamic loudspeaker that we know of today was first built in the 's and uses a magnetic field to move a coil or magnet which is connected to a diaphragm. Note: You should have www. Other sites have plagiarized our site on speakers and provide incomplete and fractured information. Types of speakers and how they work: 1. Horns 2.

Unique Electrodynamic Speaker Designs

Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with:. Our team at The Usage has selected the best wireless speakers of Accessed 20 Nov.

US5129005A - Electrodynamic loudspeaker - Google Patents

The standard dynamic speaker we know today was developed in the s and uses a magnetic field to move a coil or magnet that is connected to a diaphragm. Of course, there are other types of speakers that depend on the type of amplification device, in addition to standard round speakers, in this article we will look at a few basic types: horn horn , piezoelectric, magnetostrictive speakers, electrostatic, ribbon and flat magnetic speakers, wave, flat panel speakers, "air traffic converters", plasma speakers, and digital speakers. These speakers were the very first form of sound amplification. They don't need electricity to amplify.

Creating ANC earphones and hearables with balanced armatures

Patented Oct. Application May 26, , Serial No. This invention is concerned with loudspeakers of the electro-dynamic or moving coil type, and more particularly to the magnet system of such loudspeakers. A considerable portion of the magnetic flux is lost due to straying when the electro-magnets are of cup-shape. Although attempts have been made in reducing the air gap as much as possible, an essential improvement of the degree of efiiciency could not be attained. A considerable advance is made by the present invention according to which in magnet systems for electro-dynamic loud speakers, two exciter or field windings are provided having a common magnetic path and which are arranged at such a distance from each other that a magnetic field o of high density is produced therebetween and in which a conductor oscillates. The conductor has passed through it voice currents and is connected to a sound radiator or diaphragm.

Recently, with the development of video technology, 3-D sound field reproduction systems that can provide a high presence have attracted attention. Conventional systems with electro-dynamic loudspeakers have a problem that the sound image lacks sharpness when constructing a narrow sound image. To solve this problem, we utilize a parametric array loudspeaker which has sharp directivity by the straightness of ultrasounds. Parametric array loudspeakers can produce sharper sound images due to the sharper directivity and lower reverberation compared with electro-dynamic loudspeakers.