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Download the program in grid format PDF. Individual papers can also be downloaded from the presentation page. Copyright to the individual works is retained by the author[s]. Blockchain is a Byzantine Fault Tolerant BFT replicated state machine, in which each state-update is by itself a Turing machine with bounded resources. Recent advances in blockchain technology blur these boundaries.
Come hear this keynote in which we describe Blockchain in the lens of BFT and BFT in the lens of Blockchain, and provide common algorithmic foundations for both. Dahlia is an applied and foundational researcher, since the early nineties, in broad aspects of reliability and security in distributed systems.
From , she was a principal researcher at Microsoft Research, Silicon Valley. From , she was a tenured associate professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In , Dahlia actually left for a brief sabbatical at Microsoft Research, but was bitten by the Silicon Valley bug and stayed there.
Dahlia holds a Ph. Ganger and Phillip B. Gibbons, Carnegie Mellon University. The Tributary elastic control system embraces the uncertain nature of transient cloud resources, such as AWS spot instances, to manage elastic services with latency SLOs more robustly and more cost-effectively. Such resources are available at lower cost, but with the proviso that they can be preempted en masse, making them risky to rely upon for business-critical services. Tributary creates models of preemption likelihood and exploits the partial independence among different resource offerings, selecting collections of resource allocations that satisfy SLO requirements and adjusting them over time, as client workloads change.
At the same time, the often-larger sets allow unexpected workload bursts to be absorbed without SLO violation. The quality of user experience on a smartphone is directly affected by how fast a foreground app reacts to user inputs. Our experimental results using a prototype FastTrack implementation on four smartphones show that a foreground app can achieve the equivalent level of user-perceived responsiveness regardless of the number of background apps.
Angela H. Jiang, Daniel L. Andersen and Gregory R. Ganger, Carnegie Mellon University. Mainstream is a new video analysis system that jointly adapts concurrent applications sharing fixed edge resources to maximize aggregate result quality. Mainstream exploits partial-DNN deep neural network compute sharing among applications trained through transfer learning from a common base DNN model, decreasing aggregate per-frame compute time.
Based on the available resources and mix of applications running on an edge node, Mainstream automatically determines at deployment time the right trade-off between using more specialized DNNs to improve per-frame accuracy, and keeping more of the unspecialized base model to increase sharing and process more frames per second.
Many video streaming applications require low-latency processing on resource-constrained devices. To meet the latency and resource constraints, developers must often approximate filter computations.
A key challenge to successfully tuning approximations is finding the optimal configuration suited for content characteristics, which are changing across and within the input videos. Searching through the entire search space for every frame in the video stream is infeasible, while tuning the pipeline off-line, on a set of training videos, yields suboptimal results. We present VideoChef, a system for approximate optimization of video pipelines.
VideoChef finds the optimal configurations of approximate filters at runtime, by leveraging the previously proposed concept canary inputs using small inputs to tune the accuracy of the computations and transferring the approximate configurations to full inputs. VideoChef is the first system to show that canary inputs can be used for complex streaming applications.
The two key innovations of VideoChef are 1 an accurate error mapping from the approximate processing with downsampled inputs to that with full inputs and 2 a directed search that balances the cost of each search step with the estimated reduction in the run time. We evaluate our approach on videos obtained from YouTube, on a set of 9 video processing pipelines in total having 10 distinct filters. Our results show significant performance improvement over the baseline and the previous approach that uses canary inputs.
We also perform a user study that shows that the videos produced by VideoChef are often acceptable to human subjects. Arpaci-Dusseau and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Serverless computing promises to provide applications with cost savings and extreme elasticity. Unfortunately, slow application and container initialization can hurt common-case latency on serverless platforms. In this work, we analyze Linux container primitives, identifying scalability bottlenecks related to storage and network isolation.
We also analyze Python applications from GitHub and show that importing many popular libraries adds about ms to startup. Based on these findings, we implement SOCK, a container system optimized for serverless workloads.
A generalized-Zygote provisioning strategy yields an additional 3x speedup. In the era of the Internet of Things, users desire more valuable services by simultaneously utilizing various resources available in remote devices. As a result, cross-device resource sharing, a capability to utilize the resources of a remote device, becomes a desirable feature to enable interesting multi-device services.
However, the existing resource sharing mechanisms either have limited resource coverage, involve complex programming efforts for utilizing multiple devices, or more importantly, incur huge inter-device network traffic. We propose DynaMix, a novel framework that realizes efficient cross-device resource sharing. Second, DynaMix obviates the need for multi-device programming by providing the resource sharing capability at the low level.
Third, DynaMix minimizes inter-device network traffic by adaptively redistributing tasks between devices based on their dynamic resource usage.
By doing so, DynaMix achieves efficient resource sharing along with dynamic plug-and-play and reconfigurability. Our example implementation on top of Android and Tizen devices shows that DynaMix enables efficient cross-device resource sharing in multi-device services.
This paper analyzes the impact on application performance of the design and implementation choices made in two widely used open-source schedulers: ULE, the default FreeBSD scheduler, and CFS, the default Linux scheduler.
We compare the performance of a large suite of applications on the modified kernel running ULE and on the standard Linux kernel running CFS. The observed performance differences are solely the result of scheduling decisions, and do not reflect differences in other subsystems between FreeBSD and Linux.
There is no overall winner. On many workloads the two schedulers perform similarly, but for some workloads there are significant and even surprising differences. ULE may cause starvation, even when executing a single application with identical threads, but this starvation may actually lead to better application performance for some workloads. The more complex load balancing mechanism of CFS reacts more quickly to workload changes, but ULE achieves a better load balance in the long run.
The virtual machine abstraction provides a wide variety of benefits which have undeniably enabled cloud computing. Virtual machines, however, are a double-edged sword as hypervisors they run on top of must treat them as a black box, limiting the information which the hypervisor and virtual machine may exchange, a problem known as the semantic gap. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a new mechanism, hyperupcalls, which enables a hypervisor to safely execute verified code provided by a guest virtual machine in order to transfer information.
Hyperupcalls are written in C and have complete access to guest data structures such as page tables. We provide a complete framework which makes it easy to access familiar kernel functions from within a hyperupcall. Compared to state-of-the-art paravirtualization techniques and virtual machine introspection, Hyperupcalls are much more flexible and less intrusive.
Kulkarni and Prateek Mittal, Princeton University. The need for countering Advanced Persistent Threat APT attacks has led to the solutions that ubiquitously monitor system activities in each host, and perform timely attack investigation over the monitoring data for analyzing attack provenance. However, existing query systems based on relational databases and graph databases lack language constructs to express key properties of major attack behaviors, and often execute queries inefficiently since their semantics-agnostic design cannot exploit the properties of system monitoring data to speed up query execution.
To address this problem, we propose a novel query system built on top of existing monitoring tools and databases, which is designed with novel types of optimizations to support timely attack investigation. Our system provides 1 domain-specific data model and storage for scaling the storage, 2 a domain-specific query language, Attack Investigation Query Language AIQL that integrates critical primitives for attack investigation, and 3 an optimized query engine based on the characteristics of the data and the semantics of the queries to efficiently schedule the query execution.
We deployed our system in NEC Labs America comprising hosts and evaluated it using GB of real system monitoring data containing 2. The proliferation of applications that handle sensitive user data on wearable platforms generates a critical need for embedded systems that offer strong security without sacrificing flexibility and long battery life.
To secure sensitive information, such as health data, ultra-low-power wearables must isolate applications from each other and protect the underlying system from errant or malicious application code.
In this paper, we present our memory isolation technique, which leverages compiler inserted code and MPU-hardware support to achieve better runtime performance than software-only counterparts. Serverless computing is an emerging paradigm in which an application's resource provisioning and scaling are managed by third-party services.
Behind these services' easy-to-use APIs are opaque, complex infrastructure and management ecosystems. Taking on the viewpoint of a serverless customer, we conduct the largest measurement study to date, launching more than 50, function instances across these three services, in order to characterize their architectures, performance, and resource management efficiency.
We explain how the platforms isolate the functions of different accounts, using either virtual machines or containers, which has important security implications.
We characterize performance in terms of scalability, coldstart latency, and resource efficiency, with highlights including that AWS Lambda adopts a bin-packing-like strategy to maximize VM memory utilization, that severe contention between functions can arise in AWS and Azure, and that Google had bugs that allow customers to use resources for free. Broadly defined as the Internet of Things IoT , the growth of commodity devices that integrate physical processes with digital systems have changed the way we live, play and work.
Yet existing IoT platforms cannot evaluate whether an IoT app or environment is safe, secure, and operates correctly. Soteria operates in three phases; a translation of platform-specific IoT source code into an intermediate representation IR , b extracting a state model from the IR, c applying model checking to verify desired properties.
Further, our study of combined app environments uncovered eleven property violations not exhibited in the isolated apps. Lastly, we demonstrate Soteria on MalIoT, a novel open-source test suite containing 17 apps with 20 unique violations.
Multi-core virtual machines VMs are now a norm in data center environments. However, one of the well-known problems that VMs suffer from is the vCPU scheduling problem that causes poor scalability behaviors.
More specifically, the symptoms of this problem appear as preemption problems in both under- and over-committed scenarios. Although prior research efforts attempted to alleviate these symptoms separately, they fail to address the common root cause of these problems: the missing semantic gap that occurs when a guest OS is preempted while executing its own critical section, thereby leading to degradation of application scalability. In this work, we strive to address all preemption problems together by bridging the semantic gap between guest OSes and the hypervisor: the hypervisor now knows whether guest OSes are running in critical sections and a guest OS has hypervisor's scheduling context.
We annotate all critical sections by using the lightweight para-virtualized APIs, so we called enlightened critical sections eCS , that provide scheduling hints to both the hypervisor and VMs.
The hypervisor uses the hint to reschedule a vCPU to fundamentally overcome the double scheduling problem for these annotated critical sections and VMs use the hypervisor provided hints to further mitigate the blocked-waiter wake-up problem. Unikernel specializes a minimalistic LibOS and a target application into a standalone single-purpose virtual machine VM running on a hypervisor, which is referred to as virtual appliance.
Compared to traditional VMs, Unikernel appliances have smaller memory footprint and lower overhead while guaranteeing the same level of isolation. On the downside, Unikernel strips off the process abstraction from its monolithic appliance and thus sacrifices flexibility, efficiency, and applicability. We present KylinX, a dynamic library operating system for simplified and efficient cloud virtualization by providing the pVM process-like VM abstraction.
A pVM takes the hypervisor as an OS and the Unikernel appliance as a process allowing both page-level and library-level dynamic mapping. At the library level, KylinX supports shared libraries to be linked to a Unikernel appliance at runtime. KylinX enforces mapping restrictions against potential threats.
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It gave rise to models of military dictatorship, to US dependence, regional imbalances and the over-centralisation of government. Less than two months as C-in-C, Ayub was asked by the prime minister to help deal with an alleged conspiracy by a group of leftists along with a host of senior military officers, who wanted to overthrow the government in what is since called the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case. With the absence of any semblance of political leadership following the assassination of Liaquat in , the Pakistan Army, along with a string of bureaucrats, began to emerge as the only organised and stable institution in the country. The army saw first blood when martial law was imposed in parts of the Punjab on March 8, Over the subsequent four years or so, before he eventually took over power in a coup in October , some decisions were made by the various governments of that time, which were to have an impact on events after Pakistan became part of the US-led alliances in the region to counter communism and the threat from the Soviet Union. Becoming part of the South East Asian Treaty Organisation in and the Baghdad Pact in , Pakistan chose a path of dependence which has continued until recently.
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Download the program in grid format PDF. Individual papers can also be downloaded from the presentation page. Copyright to the individual works is retained by the author[s]. Blockchain is a Byzantine Fault Tolerant BFT replicated state machine, in which each state-update is by itself a Turing machine with bounded resources. Recent advances in blockchain technology blur these boundaries. Come hear this keynote in which we describe Blockchain in the lens of BFT and BFT in the lens of Blockchain, and provide common algorithmic foundations for both.
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Proposition 65 is a California law that applies to companies selling products in California. Proposition 65 requires warnings if a product contains any listed chemical present above very low levels. Proposition 65 is not a product safety law, but rather a "right-to-know" law. Businesses are required to provide warnings to comply with Proposition The list includes naturally occurring and man-made chemicals. Proposition 65 warnings can be seen for a wide variety of everyday consumer products, including electronic equipment, and warnings can be seen posted throughout California in a variety of establishments such as buildings, hotels, restaurants, coffee shops, and stores. The warning is part of our ongoing effort to comply with the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of known as "Proposition 65".
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Please Wait. Electoral law — presidential election — validity of a presidential election-petition challenging the validity of the president elect-allegations of non-compliance with the Constitution and electoral laws- allegations of various irregularities and illegalities during the conduct of the elections — what are the principles of free and fair elections -whether the Presidential Election was conducted in accordance with the principles laid down in the Constitution of Kenya, and the written laws relating to elections- whether there were irregularities and illegalities committed in the conduct of the Presidential Election and if in the affirmative, what was their impact, if any, on the integrity of the election- Constitution of Kenya, , articles 81, 86,, Elections Act , sections 39 1c , 44, 83; Elections General Regulations, Regulation 87 1 b. Statutes- interpretation of statutes- cannons of statutory interpretation-interpretation of section 83 of the Elections Act- where the section had two limbs - compliance with the law on elections, and irregularities that may affect the result of the election-what was the proper interpretation of section 83 of the Elections Act- whether the two limbs in the provision were conjunctive or disjunctive- whether the section was applicable to all other elections disputes other than the presidential election dispute-Elections Act, section Evidence- burden of proof- concept of burden of proof - what amounts to burden of proof in a presidential election petition- the party on whom the burden of proof lies - circumstances under which the evidential burden of proof shifts- Evidence Act, section
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