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• Limited Progress in Improving Gender and Geographic Representation in Coral Reef Science
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Limited Progress in Improving Gender and Geographic Representation in Coral Reef Science

Despite increasing recognition of the need for more diverse and equitable representation in the sciences, it is unclear whether measurable progress has been made. Given that there are more coral reef non-OECD countries, at the current rate, truly equitable representation of non-OECD countries would take even longer.

We identify systemic issues that remain prevalent in coral reef science i. We provide recommendations to address systemic biases in research to foster a more inclusive global science community.

Adoption of these recommendations will lead to more creative, innovative, and impactful scientific approaches urgently needed for coral reefs and contribute to environmental justice efforts.

Sustainability and conservation challenges in the twenty-first century are complex and systemic, requiring increasingly interdisciplinary and diverse perspectives to address them.

Numerous global environmental commitments, including the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, call for diverse partnerships to achieve the Agenda for Sustainable Development. In addition, those whose voices often go unheard bear a significant portion of this burden Stuchtey et al. Excellence in science is inextricably bound to improved diversity, equity, and inclusion DEI in the research community. There is clear evidence demonstrating how equity and diversity in science fosters new ideas and progress in research Freeman and Huang, ; Tulloch, A lack of diversity in research groups is partly due to a long history of gatekeeping, colonization, and direct harm done to individuals and groups globally, and is consequently, a missed opportunity to collectively harness the perspectives and ways of knowing held by diverse experts to advance scientific innovation and potential impact.

Scientific research contributes to shaping societal priorities, policy, and solving global challenges such as climate change, environmental degradation, and poverty; one way this knowledge is shared is through scientific papers, and these recordkeepers continue to remain the currency of our fields.

Authorship drives these priorities and can act to amplify the voices of a few. If this chorus continues to be exclusive, solutions produced may not be relevant nor appropriate for the realities that different individuals, communities, and nations experience Hofstra et al.

Studies demonstrate that gender inequality persists at all scales, from the composition of research institutions and research groups to grant recipients and leadership positions Arismendi and Penaluna, For example, in the United States, women are vastly underrepresented amongst academic faculty, receive less grant funding Vernos, , publish fewer scientific articles Martin, ; Conti and Visentin, , have shorter publishing careers, lower rates of retention Huang et al.

Importantly, structures of power and sociopolitical factors shape the disparate and myriad challenges experienced by women globally. Many coastal communities live alongside coral reefs, which provide a wealth of social benefits including food security, income, coastal protection, and cultural practice, as well as indirectly supporting coastal livelihoods and sectors through tourism Spalding et al. The effects of climate change on global coral reefs are only worsening, and conservation and management strategies will require more collaborative, innovative, science-based solutions, in partnership with local researchers, and consideration of the needs of coastal communities e.

While there are signs of progress toward increasing more equitable representation of scientists, it is unclear if the current pace and level of effort will deliver timely change. Identities are multi-dimensional, and intersectionality further modulates individual and systemic exclusion. Here, we focus on gender and geographic representation; we recognize the constraints of the data available and the methodological limitations of categorization which we discuss below.

This is an initial step aimed at assessing progress and better defining actionable solutions that may broaden scientific excellence, opportunity, and equity in coral reef research. We investigated trends in authorship with respect to gender limited to men and women and geographic location of organizational affiliation which we categorized as OECD or non-OECD member nations; see Supplementary Methods.

Using data on authorship of coral reef science published over 16 years — , we asked:. We chose these journals because they all focus on or feature coral reef research and are highly regarded in both the marine science and general conservation and environmental science arenas.

Given their regard and popularity, these journals represent good choices analyzing changes in representation over time. We used a Boolean search strategy i. A second search was executed in Web of Science on April 8, with the same search term, but limited to articles from the journals Nature and Science.

The resulting articles were divided amongst the author team and coding was conducted using an priori protocol. The following meta-data field were derived from Web of Science records: author name, institutional affiliation, country of affiliation, title of study, abstract, publication year, DOI, times cited, journal name.

Author names were cleaned manually by looking up each paper and author information to confirm spelling, initials, etc. A team of reviewers worked collaboratively to code information about authors and studies. The following information on authors was coded for each author listed on a paper: identified gender, and whether the author was based in the country of study.

The following information was coded from each article: country countries of study, study region, whether the study took place in a territory of another sovereign nation or a disputed territory, study type, marine realm of study.

For studies in more than five countries, studies were coded for a study region instead. For overseas territories, study country was coded as the sovereign nation and territories were indicated in a distinct column.

Study region : Region where study took place, also includes global studies. Study type: Studies could be coded for multiple types including fieldwork, modeling, synthesis, laboratory, and desk studies. Marine realm: Marine realm using the Marine Ecoregions of the World typology of study. Is the author based in the country of study? Order of authors e. The following decision process was used to determine author gender: 1 Each author was searched in Google.

Based on their online profiles, reviewers made a determination on gender based on stated pronouns. We recognize that gender exists on a spectrum and to the best extent of our ability, categorized gender based on publicly available information from stated pronouns, personal web pages, social media accounts, and personal communications.

Our aim with this study is to highlight gender representation issues in coral reef science, not to provide a precise tabulation of gender composition. Thus, the gender categories we code for are a heuristic estimate of gender in the field.

In this analysis, we use institutional affiliation as a proxy for geographic diversity and as a way to understand national and international collaboration in the study of coral reefs. We examined how often authors were involved in national vs. Throughout this study, we aim to examine geographic representation of authors—particularly taking into account the impact of historical legacies and social factors e. Comparing patterns between countries who have benefitted from past history and current conditions and those who have not, can shed light on how far coral reef science has progressed in terms of improving diversity, equity, and inclusion.

In order to make these types of comparisons, we needed to categorize and label sets of nations—which in itself, raises its own issues for inclusion and representation. Historically, the way in which nations were categorized was based on economic characteristics—such as income and gross domestic product—which has been widely denounced as an out-of-date and one-dimensional metric that does not accurately nor fairly reflect nations.

Terminology revolved around developed vs. First World, and Global North vs. Global South. All of these groupings have been debated over the years and many have fallen out of use as development actors increasingly recognize and acknowledge the problematic nature of these often externally assigned labels.

Within these analyses, we opted to grouped nations by their OECD membership as of as a way to characterize national economies, as opposed to externally defined income groups or development index which are grounded in problematic and monolithic metrics and contexts Fantom et al. While self-selected, OECD members generally have high income economies and high human development index, representing nations that have historically held greater resources for scientific research.

Many OECD members have tropical reefs within their waters incl. While OECD membership is not perfect, it is generally a self-selected process where countries choose to apply for membership and thus, is to a degree, a more inclusive process for countries to self-identify. However, there are still issues that arise when grappling with geopolitical labels e. We adopted the World Bank region categories to examine authorship patterns for this paper, however, we also want to recognize that there are standing issues with these categorizations and they should not be taken as a standard of practice.

We examined author contributions by calculating the proportion of publication output contributed by each identified author gender and geography in a given article. For example, if a paper had nine authors, of which eight authors identified to gender category, each identified author was assigned an equal share of authorship an eighth.

These fractions were then aggregated by gender and geographic affiliation to calculate author contributions.

Summary statistics were calculated in R and the data cleaning and analysis scripts are available on github. We used descriptive network analysis to examine patterns in co-authorship between authors affiliated with OECD vs.

We created undirected graphs parallel edges of co-authorship for each year in our analysis using the igraph package Csardi and Nepusz, in R. Each node represents a unique combination of author and affiliation, while the edges represent connections to co-authors. Authors who had multiple affiliations across different countries listed on a single article were reduced to one affiliation prioritizing affiliations in non-OECD countries if they had affiliations in both.

We assigned affiliations to OECD nations using the membership regardless of year of publication. Our designation scheme was balanced, to a degree between OECD vs. We qualitatively describe patterns of collaboration between authors affiliated with institutions in OECD vs. Over 16 years — , the contribution of authors per country to published articles has been variable, with some countries increasing steadily e. While no authors who explicitly identified as non-binary were identified, we recognize that not all non-binary authors or authors with other gender identities may identify publicly see Supplementary Methods.

Figure 1. Change in overall individual contribution of authors affiliated with institutions in non-OECD vs. OECD nations. Published articles over time top panel disaggregated by first middle panel and last author bottom panel position for articles with more than one author.

For authors with more than one institutional affiliation, their non-OECD affiliation is used in this analysis. Numbers at the top of each bar indicate the total number of articles published that year.

Considering author affiliations compiled into World Bank regions World Bank, , we found that scientists based in Australia, Europe, and North America typically work across multiple regions, including East Asia and the Pacific, Latin America, and the Caribbean, while researchers from other regions tend to publish work related to the region of their affiliation Figure 2.

Figure 2. Connections between author affiliations left and the location of conducted research right. Each connection represents a unique article; authors may be represented more than once across multiple institutions and articles over time. Groupings follow World Bank regions except for the United States shown separately from North America which here represents Canada, Bermuda and Australia shown separately from East Asia and the Pacific because of the large number of publications from these two nations.

Research in OECD nations was predominantly conducted by in-country authors e. Figure 3. Percentage contribution to published articles over time by authors affiliated in-country vs. Values along the top indicate the number of articles analyzed. Articles can appear in both panels if they were conducted in more than one nation. The majority of articles published in , the last year for which contributions were assessed, were authored by a large but rather geographically disconnected group of individuals who had significant collaborations within their group, but few connections outside of their group.

Interestingly, authors outside of the group formed individual groups on their own; however, the network plot Figure 4 suggests these groups display more inter-group connections potentially forged by individuals working across disciplines or countries who bridged collaborations.

Disaggregating by region, we see that most of the co-author teams in are composed of individuals affiliated with institutions in OECD nations, while groups on the periphery include more researchers affiliated with institutions in non-OECD nations. In comparison with , the relative proportion of authors from institutions in non-OECD nations has increased and there are some more prolific publishers within the center of the network; however, far more are on the periphery Figure 4.

Figure 4. Networks of co-authors compared between articles published in and disaggregated by affiliation of authors OECD vs. The length of the edge indicates how close authors are to each other the more co-authored publications, the closer the authors.

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Coral BX-33

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Web Google Scholar ResearchGate. I became a permanent member of staff in , Lecturer in and appointed to Senior Lecturer in My teaching is research led; I generally teach areas linked to my research and use real world examples and case studies drawn from my own experience wherever possible to illustrate the subject. I use underwater photography and use my own images rather than those mined from the internet.