8 ohms speaker means to an end meaning

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Content:

• What Do Speaker Impedances Mean?
• How to choose and set up a stereo amplifier
• The Complete Guide To Speaker Impedance (2Ω, 4Ω, 8Ω & More)
• Compatible with 4–8 ohms output?
• Impedance in Audio Technology
• Why Is It Bad If Speaker Impedance Is Too Low? Your Question Answered
• Speaker Wiring/Loading Examples
• Rms vs watts
• Understanding Impedance

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: Are low impedance speakers hard to drive?

What Do Speaker Impedances Mean?

Speaker wire is used to make the electrical connection between loudspeakers and audio amplifiers. Modern speaker wire consists of two or more electrical conductors individually insulated by plastic such as PVC , PE or Teflon or, less commonly, rubber. The two wires are electrically identical, but are marked to identify the correct audio signal polarity. Most commonly, speaker wire comes in the form of zip cord.

The effect of speaker wire upon the signal it carries has been a much-debated topic in the audiophile and high fidelity worlds. The accuracy of many advertising claims on these points has been disputed by expert engineers who emphasize that simple electrical resistance is by far the most important characteristic of speaker wire.

Early speaker cable was typically stranded copper wire, insulated with cloth tape, waxed paper or rubber. For portable applications, common lampcord was used, twisted in pairs for mechanical reasons. Cables were often soldered in place at one end.

Other terminations were binding posts , terminal strips , and spade lugs for crimp connections. Some early speaker cable designs featured another pair of wires for rectified direct current to supply electrical power for an electromagnet in the loudspeaker. Speaker wire is a passive electrical component described by its electrical impedance , Z.

The impedance can be broken up into three properties which determine its performance: the real part of the impedance, or the resistance , and the imaginary component of the impedance: capacitance or inductance.

The ideal speaker wire has no resistance, capacitance, or inductance. The shorter and thicker a wire is, the lower is its resistance, as the electrical resistance of a wire is proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area except superconductors.

The wire's resistance has the greatest effect on its performance. As long as speaker wire resistance is kept to less than 5 percent of the speaker's impedance , the conductor will be adequate for home use. Speaker wires are selected based on price, quality of construction, aesthetic purpose, and convenience. Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire, and is suitable for movable equipment.

For a wire that will be exposed rather than run within walls, under floor coverings, or behind moldings such as in a home , appearance may be a benefit, but it is irrelevant to electrical characteristics. Better jacketing may be thicker or tougher, less chemically reactive with the conductor, less likely to tangle and easier to pull through a group of other wires, or may incorporate a number of shielding techniques for non-domestic uses.

Resistance is by far the most important specification of speaker wire. The performance of a conductor such as speaker wire is therefore optimised by limiting its length and maximising its cross-sectional area.

Depending on the hearing ability of the listener, this resistance begins to have an audible effect when the resistance exceeds 5 percent of the speaker's impedance. The latter two factors also determine the wire's frequency response. The lower the impedance of the speaker , the greater a significance the speaker wire's resistance will have. Where large buildings have long runs of wire to interconnect speakers and amplifiers, a constant voltage speaker system may be used to reduce losses in the wiring.

Thicker wires reduce resistance. The resistance of gauge or heavier speaker connection cable has no detectable effect in runs of 50 feet 15 meters or less in standard domestic loudspeaker connections for a typical 8 ohm speaker. Insulation thickness or type also has no audible effect as long as the insulation is of good quality and does not chemically react with the wire itself poor-quality insulation has occasionally been found to accelerate oxidation of the copper conductor, increasing resistance over time.

Most consumer applications use two conductor wire. A common rule of thumb is that the resistance of the speaker wire should not exceed 5 percent of the rated impedance of the system. The table below shows recommended lengths based on this guideline:.

Sizing in square millimeters is common outside of the US. Suppliers and manufacturers often specify their cable in strand count. A strand count wire has a cross-sectional area of 1. Use of copper or copper-clad aluminum CCA is more or less universal for speaker wire. Copper has low resistance compared to most other suitable materials. CCA is cheaper and lighter, at the expense of somewhat higher resistance about the same as copper two AWG numbers up. Copper and aluminum both oxidize , but oxides of copper are conductive, while those of aluminum are insulating.

The various grades are marketed as having better conductivity and durability, but they have no significant benefit in audio applications. Much more expensive C, a highly refined copper with silver impurities removed and oxygen reduced to 0. Silver has a slightly lower resistivity than copper, which allows a thinner wire to have the same resistance. Silver is expensive, so a copper wire with the same resistance costs considerably less. Silver tarnishes to form a thin surface layer of silver sulfide.

Gold has a higher resistivity than either copper or silver, but pure gold does not oxidize, so it can be used for plating wire-end terminations. Capacitance occurs between any two conductors separated by an insulator. In an audio cable, capacitance occurs between the cable's two conductors; the resulting losses are called "dielectric losses" or "dielectric absorption".

Capacitance also occurs between the cable's conductors and any nearby conductive objects, including house wiring and damp foundation concrete; this is called "stray capacitance". Parallel capacitances add together, and so both the dielectric loss and the stray capacitance loss add up to a net capacitance.

Audio signals are alternating current and so are attenuated by such capacitances. Attenuation occurs inversely to frequency: a higher frequency faces less resistance and can more easily leak through a given capacitance. The amount of attenuation can be calculated for any given frequency; the result is called the capacitive reactance , which is an effective resistance measured in ohms:.

The voltage on a speaker wire depends on amplifier power; for a watt-per-channel amplifier, the voltage will be about 30 volts RMS. At such voltage, a 1 percent loss will occur at 3, ohms or less of capacitive reactance. Therefore, to keep audible up to 20, Hz losses below 1 percent, the total capacitance in the cabling must be kept below about 2, pF. Ordinary lamp cord has a capacitance of 10—20 pF per foot, plus a few picofarads of stray capacitance, so a foot run total feet of conductor will have less than 1 percent capacitive loss in the audible range.

Some premium speaker cables have higher capacitance in order to have lower inductance; — pF is typical, in which case the capacitive loss will exceed 1 percent for runs longer than about 5 feet 10 feet of conductor. All conductors have inductance , which results in an inherent resistance to changes in a current. That resistance is called inductive reactance , measured in ohms.

Inductive reactance depends on how quickly the current is changing: quick changes in current i. Inductive reactance is calculated using this formula:. Audio signals are alternating current and so are attenuated by inductance.

Ordinary lamp cord has an inductance of 0. Some premium speaker cables have lower inductance at the cost of higher capacitance; 0. Skin effect in audio cables is the tendency for high frequency signals to travel more on the surface than in the center of the conductor, as if the conductor were a hollow metal pipe. As cable conductors increase in diameter they have less overall resistance but increased skin effect.

The choice of metals in the conductor makes a difference, too: silver has a greater skin effect than copper; aluminum has less effect. Skin effect is a significant problem at radio frequencies or over long distances such as miles and kilometers worth of high-tension electrical transmission lines , but not at audio frequencies carried over short distances measured in feet and meters.

Speaker cables are normally made with stranded conductors but bare metal strands in contact with each other do not mitigate skin effect; the bundle of strands acts as one conductor at audio frequencies.

Another solution that has been tried is to plate the copper strands with silver which has less resistance. Regardless of marketing claims, skin effect has an inaudible and therefore negligible effect in typical inexpensive cables for loudspeaker or other audio signals.

Speaker wire terminations facilitate the connection of speaker wire to both amplifiers and loudspeakers. Examples of termination include soldered or crimped pin or spade lugs, banana plugs , and 2-pin DIN connectors.

The type of actual electrical contact ie, termination is determined by the connectors on the equipment at each end of the wire. Some terminations are gold plated. Many speakers and electronics have flexible five-way binding posts that can be screwed down or held down by a spring to accept bare or soldered wire and pins or springy banana plugs through a hole in the outward-facing side of the post.

There is debate among audiophiles surrounding the impact that high-end cables have on audio systems with audibility of the changes central to the discussion. While some speaker wire marketers claim audible improvement with design or exotic materials, skeptics say that a few meters of speaker wire from the power amplifier to the binding posts of the loudspeakers cannot possibly have much influence because of the greater influence from complex crossover circuits found in most speakers and particularly from the speaker driver voice coils that have several meters of very thin wire.

To justify claims of enhanced audio quality, many marketers of high-end speaker cables cite electrical properties such as skin effect , characteristic impedance or resonance ; properties which are generally little understood by consumers. None of these have any measurable effect at audio frequencies, though each matters at radio frequencies.

For a given material, resistance is a function of length and thickness specifically of the ratio of length to cross-sectional area. For this reason, lower impedance speakers require lower resistance speaker wire. Roger Russell — a former engineer and speaker designer for McIntosh Labs — details how expensive speaker wire brand marketing misinforms consumers in his online essay called Speaker Wire — A History.

He writes, "The industry has now reached the point where [wire] resistance and listening quality are not the issues any more, although listening claims may still be made The strategy in selling these products is, in part, to appeal to those who are looking to impress others with something unique and expensive. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. February ISSN December Retrieved 17 July Retrieved 6 April Audio reality: myths debunked, truths revealed.

Transcendent Sound. ISBN Focal Press. The art of sound reproduction.

How to choose and set up a stereo amplifier

When would I use 70V speakers over 8 ohm speakers? The 70V transformer on each speaker allows you to have multiple lines of speakers connected to a single amplifier without the need to worry about impedance issues as you would get with an 8 ohm system. So generally, we use 70V distributed systems when we have a large scale venue such as a shopping mall that requires coverage throughout the facility. We would install an 8 ohm system where high end performance is required, in venues such as a churches or amphitheaters, where we have greater control over speaker runs and amplifier distribution. Have a question you'd like Dr.

The Complete Guide To Speaker Impedance (2Ω, 4Ω, 8Ω & More)

Definition Mk. Due to the [cussing] pandemic, the new Definition Series 6 is not entering production until late summer. The site debut complete with order-ability is Tuesday, September 1. Just take a look at the material content in the Def. IVs and you start to wonder how Zu does it for the price…. I don't pretend this is a neutral review. The Zu sound captivated me from first listen and continues to bend my ear.

Compatible with 4–8 ohms output?

When using a tube amplifier, you should always connect it to a speaker cabinet before turning it on — or a loadbox. The speaker cabinet 2, 4, 8 or 16 Ohms must always be connected to the corresponding speaker output of your amplifier. Not doing so can lead to partial or complete destruction of the output stage of the tube amplifier. Most tube amp designers protect their products with fuses etc, but some amps do not have sufficient protection in place. An 8-Ohm load box must be plugged to the 8-Ohm speaker output of the amplifier.

Impedance in Audio Technology

For the purposes of understanding speaker impedance in this post, you can think of impedance as the property of a speaker that resists or impedes the flow of energy from an amplifier. Impedance describes the effective resistance of a circuit to alternating current. Understanding the impedance of a speaker circuit is very important when designing a sound system. It will not only help to optimize the performance of the system, but will also help to prevent damage to your amp and speakers. Your amplifier is only capable of supplying a finite level of current before blowing a fuse, entering protect mode, or being damaged. For example, this amplifier is specified to provide watts of continuous power at 8 ohms or watts at 4 ohms.

Why Is It Bad If Speaker Impedance Is Too Low? Your Question Answered

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Speaker Wiring/Loading Examples

The seemingly mysterious specification of speaker impedance should be understood in order for us to fully comprehend how speakers work. What is speaker impedance? Technically speaking, impedance is the combination of DC resistance and any reactance in an AC circuit.

Rms vs watts

RELATED VIDEO: ohms por que afectan el sonido

No home studio is immune from issues of impedance, yet the subject can seem very confusing. In this workshop we explain what the recording musician needs to know about impedance, and show you how to avoid lifeless guitar sounds, digital glitches, and fried amps! Anyone who has read the technical specifications of any mixer, preamplifier, microphone, or pretty much any other piece of audio equipment will have come across the term impedance. Input impedance, output impedance, terminating impedance, matched impedance, and characteristic impedance are all fairly common terms in the tech specs, but what do they all mean and why are they relevant? In this article I will try to answer these questions and to explain what you need to know about impedance in practical terms, without too much maths and science.

Understanding Impedance

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Most guitarists would probably not consider themselves experts when it comes to the subject of natural sciences. Although you may have a vague idea of the different scientific phenomena that hide behind every note you play, your main focus as a player — quite naturally — is usually on the music itself, and the instrument. Boring science is just something that would get in the way. And yet, consider this: the everyday electric guitar player probably namechecks a bunch of famous physicists regularly, even though they might not be overly au fait with the scientific laws associated with these long-dead genii in white coats.