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Alpine 7802 x 12

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The International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation UIAA recognises eight-thousanders as the 14 mountains that are more than 8, metres 26, ft in height above sea level , and are considered to be sufficiently independent from neighbouring peaks. However, there is no precise definition of the criteria used to assess independence, and, since , the UIAA has been involved in a process to consider whether the list should be expanded to 20 mountains.

All eight-thousanders are located in the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges in Asia , and their summits are in the death zone. From to , all 14 of the eight-thousanders were summited in the summer the first was Annapurna I in , and the last was Shishapangma in , and from to , all 14 were summited in the winter the first being Everest in , and the last being K2 in On a variety of statistical techniques, the deadliest eight-thousander is consistently Annapurna I one death — climber or climber support — for every three summiters , followed closely by K2 and Nanga Parbat one death for every four to five summiters , and Dhaulagiri , and Kangchenjunga one for every six to seven summiters.

The first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders was Italian Reinhold Messner in , who did not use supplementary oxygen. In Spaniard Edurne Pasaban became the first woman to summit all 14, but with the aid of supplementary oxygen. In Austrian Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner became the first woman to summit all 14 without the aid of supplementary oxygen. In , South Korean Kim Chang-ho climbed all 14 in 7 years and days, without the aid of supplementary oxygen.

In , British-Nepalese climber Nirmal Purja , climbed all 14 eight-thousanders in 6 months and 6 days, with the use of supplementary oxygen. Issues with false summits e. Cho Oyu , Annapurna I and Dhaulagiri , or separated dual summits e. Shishapangma and Manaslu , have led to disputed claims of ascents, and in , a team of international experts started a project to re-verify which climbers, if any, have actually been on the true summit of all 14 eight-thousanders.

The first recorded attempt on an eight-thousander was when Albert F. Mummery , Geoffrey Hastings and J. Norman Collie tried to climb Pakistan's Nanga Parbat in The first recorded successful ascent of an eight-thousander was by the French Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal , who reached the summit of Annapurna on 3 June during the French Annapurna expedition.

Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka established the highest number of new routes on the 14 eight-thousanders, at Italian Simone Moro made the most first winter ascents of eight-thousanders at 4; Kukuczka also made four winter ascents, but one was a repetition. The final eight-thousander to be climbed in the winter was K2, which was summited by a person Nepalese team led by Nirmal Purja on 16 January The first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders was Italian Reinhold Messner , on 16 October In Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka became the second person to accomplish this feat.

Messner summited each of the 14 peaks without the aid of bottled oxygen , a feat that was only repeated nine years later by the Swiss Erhard Loretan in Phurba Tashi of Nepal has completed the most climbs of the eight-thousanders, with 30 ascents between and In , Spanish climber Edurne Pasaban became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders with no disputed climbing.

The first couple and team who summited all 14 eight-thousanders together were the Italians Nives Meroi second woman without supplementary oxygen , and her husband Romano Benet [ it ] in The couple climbed alpine style , without the use of supplementary oxygen and other aids. On 20 May , South Korean climber Kim Chang-ho set a new speed record of climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, without the use of supplementary oxygen, in 7 years and days. On 29 October , the British - Nepali climber Nirmal Purja set a speed record for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, with the use of supplementary oxygen, in 6 months and 6 days.

The extreme altitude and the fact that the summits of all eight-thousanders lie in the Death Zone mean that climber mortality or death rate , is particularly high. The first metric is the ratio of successful climbers summiting to total deaths [a] on the mountain over a given period.

The drawback of the first metric is that it includes the deaths of any support climbers or climbing sherpas that went above base camp in assisting the climb; therefore, rather than being the probability that a climber will die attempting to summit an eight-thousander, it is more akin to the total human cost in getting a climber to the summit.

The summary tables from the HDB report for all mountains above 8, meters also imply that the death rate of climbers for the period to e. Tenzing Norgay on British expedition. Gelje Sherpa. Mingma David Sherpa. Mingma Gyalje Sherpa. Sona Sherpa. Mingma Tenzi Sherpa. Pem Chhiri Sherpa. Dawa Temba Sherpa. Kili Pemba Sherpa. Dawa Tenjing Sherpa. There is no single undisputed source for verified Himalayan ascents; however, Elizabeth Hawley 's The Himalayan Database , [29] is considered as an important source for the Nepalese Himalayas.

The "No O 2 " column lists people who have climbed all 14 eight-thousanders without supplementary oxygen. Claims have been made for summiting all 14 peaks for which not enough evidence was provided to verify the ascent; the disputed ascent in each claim is shown in parentheses in the table below. In most cases, the Himalayan chronicler Elizabeth Hawley is considered a definitive source regarding the facts of the dispute. Her The Himalayan Database is the source for other online Himalayan ascent databases e.

A recurrent problem with verification is the confirmation that the climber reached the true peak of the eight-thousander. Eight-thousanders present unique problems in this regard as they are so infrequently summited, their summits have not yet been exhaustively surveyed, and summiting climbers are often suffering the extreme altitude and weather effects of being in the death zone.

Cho Oyu for example, is a recurrent problem eight-thousander as its true peak as it is a small hump about thirty minutes walk into the large flat summit plateau that lies in the death zone, and which is often obscured in very poor weather, and which led to the disputed ascent per the table above of British climber, Alan Hinks who has refused to re-climb the peak.

In a May interview with the New York Times , Jurgalaski pointed out further issues with false summits on Annapurna I a large summit plateau, like Cho Oyu , Dhaulagiri misleading false summit metal pole , and Manaslu additional sharp and dangerous ridge to the true summit, like Shishapangma , noting that of the existing 44 accepted claims per the table earlier , at least 7 have serious question marks these are in addition to the table of disputed ascents , and even noting that "It is possible that no one has ever been on the true summit of all 14 of the 8,meter peaks".

In , to relieve capacity pressure and overcrowding on the world's highest mountain, greater restrictions were placed on expeditions to the summit of Mount Everest. As of November [update] , there has been no conclusion by the UIAA and the proposals appear to have been set aside. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mountain peaks of over 8, m. First male to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders, and first to do so without supplementary oxygen. First female to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders; with supplementary oxygen.

First female to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders; no supplementary oxygen. Fastest ascent of all 14 eight-thousanders; with supplementary oxygen. Youngest person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders. First disabled person to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders. Proposed to the UIAA in for reclassification as standalone eight-thousanders.

Mountains portal. Summary tables from the HDB report for all mountains above 8, metres, imply that the death rate for the period to e. It therefore compares deaths from the larger group of people who were, and were not, making a summit attempt, with the smaller group who were making a summit attempt.

While it is not a probability, the statistic does reflect the ratio of people who died above base camp for each climber who summited. Retrieved 29 May Annapurna: First Conquest of an meter Peak. New York: E. The Alpine Journal : 50— Retrieved 10 December The Daily Telegraph.

Retrieved 16 January Retrieved 4 January BBC News. Retrieved 24 August Guinness World Records. Retrieved 5 December Retrieved 24 December A Nepali mountaineer and former British Marine has climbed the world's tallest 14 peaks in six months - beating an earlier record of almost eight years. National Geographic. This marked the fourteenth 8,meter peak he had climbed in seven months and the completion of an extraordinary project to speed climb the world's tallest mountains in rapid succession.

Retrieved 13 December Retrieved 23 November Included are only fatalities from, at or above BC or caused from there. Fatalities on approach or return marches are not listed. Guinness Book of World Records.

Retrieved 21 February The Economist. For every three thrill-seekers that make it safely up and down Annapurna I, one dies trying, according to data from Eberhard Jurgalski of website ers. The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 September Companies House. Retrieved 4 December Retrieved 29 March The Himalayan Database.

New York Times. American Alpine Journal.


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alpine 7802 x 12

You're not afraid of heights? Come and see for yourself. The summit trail consists of an approximately metre long one-rope suspension bridge, climbing stairs and a metre long observation platform. The circular path leads to the west side of the First summit and the mountain house at the dizzying height of the steep rock face, back to the sun terrace of the Berggasthaus First.

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Protected areas are the flagship management tools to secure biodiversity from anthropogenic impacts. However, the extent to which adjacent areas with distinct protection levels host different species numbers and compositions remains uncertain. Here, using reef fishes, European alpine plants, and North American birds, we show that the composition of species in adjacent Strictly Protected, Restricted, and Non-Protected areas is highly dissimilar, whereas the number of species is similar, after controlling for environmental conditions, sample size, and rarity. PLoS Biol 19 5 : e This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All data used in this manuscript have already been published. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Eight-thousander

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