Transistor amplifier circuit lab tutorial

This model represents an operational ampli er I devised a QUCS simulation as below: The diode and detection circuit is shorted or deactivated because I wanted to analyze first just the transistor output. This is an important step because an op amp is only able to output a value between the ranges of voltages it is powered with. The equation calculates the product, which is the power dissipated in the load. This release comes with a few new components, i.

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Content:

• Lab 5 - JFET Circuits II
• Differential Amplifier Circuit Tutorial using BJT and Opamp
• Transistor Common Emitter Circuit Design
• Working of Transistor as a Switch
• Rl Circuit Ltspice
• How to Design Common Emitter Amplifier

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: Transistor Amplification

Lab 5 - JFET Circuits II

Where to use Multisim. Rectifiers Simulation with Scope Instrument. Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. This is a quick tutorial for teaching students of ELEC how to use Multisim for bipolar transistor circuit simulation. It is written such that no prior Multisim knowledge is required. My experience with teaching SPICE and Multisim in ELEC is that live tutorials done in class turned out to be most effective compared to written tutorial and video tutorials, and that is what we will rely on in the later part of this class for CMOS circuits.

I will still provide screenshots embedded in the notes of relevant chapters. With Multisim, there is not a free version, this makes teaching in classroom more difficult. If you have purchased student version, you can bring your laptop to class. Multisim is available in ECE and computer labs, with Elvis drivers.

It is also available in the basement college of engineering computer labs, it may not have the Elvis drivers. This likely means all other engineering computer labs should also have it, e.

Pspice, but can be harder to use in other cases. First, launch Multisim from programs - this will vary depending on your PC configuration, an example of starting Multisim is given below:. On the left is the navigation pane. Note the standard components toolbars, the virtual components toolbar, and the virtual instruments toolbars. For teaching purpose, we will first use virtual components.

Unfortunately, by default, the virtual components toolbar is not shown, so we will need to turn that on as follows:. These toolbars will come in handy in placing components, and save a lot of typing, scrolling, searching and clicking. Any part that can be placed onto the schematic is called a component. There are real as well as virtual components:. One can in general use the component toolbar for finding components.

For this tuorial, let us use the virtual component toolbar. Let us now place a few components so that we can simulate the output curves of a bipolar transistor. The picture was taken with a previous version. Place a DC voltage source, which we will use to set the collector-to-emitter voltage VCE, as follows:. The DC voltage source is actually called DC power source. If you had used the search feature, and typed in DC voltage source , the search would have returned no result. Like other SPICE based circuit simulators, it is mandatory to have the proper ground which is the reference point for all the nodal voltages simulated.

Wiring is both particularly simple and particularly difficult in Multisim. The chance is that you will first find the wiring simple or simpler than other programs you used before, at least for simple circuits. When the cursor is close to the unconnected end of any component, it will change into a small black connection dot and crosshair. A click on the end of the component starts the wiring.

Move the cursor to where you want it to be connected. The routing of the wire is by default automatic, but manual adjustment is possible. A very important limitation is that one of the two pins or component ends you are trying to wire together must be unconncted. If both pins are connected, which can easily occur, you will encounter problem of existing connections being broken as new wiring is added. Fortunately a solution was found, which we will address in another tutorial.

For now I want you to be aware of this issue in case you encounter it. To alleviate the problem, I recommend you to always find and click an unconnected component terminal first for wiring. A good circuit simulation practice is to name the circuit nodes nets meaningfully.

By default, all nodes are named numerically or with some conventions only understood by the program itself. In this case, we want to rename the base node b , and the collector node c. That way, we later can refer to the base voltage by v b in expressions so we do not have to try to remember that node 2 is the base node.

Later on in CMOS complex logic gates where we can have 20 or 30 nets, it will not be even possible to try to remember the meanings of all nets by number.

The best way to look at all the nets information is through the Nets tab in the Spreadsheet view as shown below:. Just click on a net name to make changes, this includes name and color. The color change will be necessary later on. For now, let us just make name changes as follows:. Often the default component values need to be changed. For instance, the transistor model parameters need to be changed, which we will discuss in greater detail below.

For now, we notice the default value for the current source we use to drive the base is 1A, which is too much for most if not all transistors. Let us change that to 1uA instead to begin with.

In general, double clicking a component opens up a window for changing values of its properties. Try this on the base current source:. Let us use the default transistor model parameters to proceed with I-V simulation. We will come back to transistor model soon. Much of the usual editing key bindings in other computer programs will work in Multisim, including:. When multiple instances of an existing component, e.

We can use Copy and Paste. We can have more control or flexibility using Analysis under Simulate. One of the best ways of understanding operation of a transistor or a circuit is to examine how an output of interest responds to an excitation change.

For the NPN transistor in question, we want to examine how the output current, in this case, the collector current, changes when the collector-emitter voltage VCE, which is set by V1, sweeps say from 0 to 1V for a given fixed base current of 1uA we set earlier. This can be achieved by sweeping V1, and doing a DC analysis at each V1. Set the Analysis Parameters tab as follows:. Figure dc sweep output tab setting for Ic-Vce curve simulation. Click Simulate , a grapher window will pop up after simulation is complete, showing the output we selected earlier, IC of Q You can change the black background by clicking on the following icon as shown below:.

Note that emitter is grounded. You will need to use expressions to calculate VBC. A new window pops up. Check To new graph. Add expressions. Your result should look like:. Next, we would like to know how this curve changes as base current change. To achieve this, just go back to the Analysis parameters tab, and check use source 2. Then set the start, stop and increment of the 2nd source, I1 in this case, as shown below:.

The legends at the bottom indicate values of the 2nd source, in this case, I1 or IB. Tab name and title can both be changed. You can zoom vertically, horizontally using the zooming tools. The accuracy of circuit simulation, however, is only as good as the accuracy of the device models used internally to describe device electrical characteristics. The biggest pitfall of circuit simulation is lack of necessary attention to device modeling.

Far too often, students and engineers simply assume the models they have downloaded from the Internet or obtained by other means are correct for the devices they are using to build circuits, meaning the models can faithfully reproduce measured electrical characteristics, at least for the biasing condition and frequency of operation in question.

Sadly, in most cases, such models are NOT carefully calibrated against measured electrical characteristics. Extracting or sometimes adjusting parameters of a device model to match measurement is essential.

Once we have a calibrated device model, our circuit simulation results will be pretty accurate. One of my research areas is device modeling, which includes not only extracting model parameters to match measured data, but also developing physics based new models when existing models simply fail to work, no matter how parameters are extracted.

My most recent project on device modeling is to successfully develop new transistor models to enable integrated circuit design over the wide temperature range from 43K to K. The models were used to design integrated electronics that can operate in space as is without warm boxes. So what if I do not have a good model? Likely the simulation result is just garbage. Many people call this garbage in garbage out. In our lecture I have made an effort in explaining the solid-state physics basis of bipolar transistor and developing the essential I-V equations that are at the heart of bipolar transistor models used in all circuit simulators.

You are equipped with the knowledge to understand the essential transistor model equations and list of parameters. You might wonder how can a generic virtual transistor model represent any transistor? I wondered as a sophomore student. The answer is it cannot possibly do so.

The so-called real component transistors often use the same transistor model equations, but with different model parameters extracted for that transistor. However, the general paractice of serious designers is to still calibrate its model parameters against measurement.

Differential Amplifier Circuit Tutorial using BJT and Opamp

Transistor Circuit Design Tutorial Includes: Transistor circuit design Circuit configurations Common emitter Common emitter circuit design Emitter follower Common base See also: Transistor circuit types The common emitter amplifier is widely used and the electronic circuit design for it is relatively straightforward.. There are a few straightforward calculations which can be combined with a simple design flow to give a sure-fire result. It is quite easy to adopt preferred component values in the common emitter amplifier design. There are several variations on the common emitter amplifier and these can easily be accommodated in the design. This can have a few extra components added to enable it to become an AC coupled amplifier with DC biasing and emitter bypass resistor.

Transistor Common Emitter Circuit Design

An RC circuit is composed of at least one resistor and at least one capacitor. Dorf, and. Draw your NAND circuit in double-rail form. Typically, lab reports present data, discuss results, and provide conclusions. In an actual report, all the connections, pin numbers, and pin labels should be shown. Peter Fredrickson. Question: How do changes in voltage or resistance affect current in an elastic circuit? This report will guide the reader through the Boolean algebra that was learnt and how it was used to design various parts of the ALU. Familiarization with the breadboard 2. Read the lab thoroughly and enter in your lab book the circuit diagrams and truth tables of all the circuits you will test.

Working of Transistor as a Switch

The term amplifier as used in this chapter means a circuit or stage using a single active device rather than a complete system such as an integrated circuit operational amplifier. An amplifier is a device for increasing the power of a signal. This is accomplished by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to duplicate the shape of the input signal but with a larger voltage or current amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier may be thought of as modulating the voltage or current of the power supply to produce its output.

Rl Circuit Ltspice

Amplifiers are used to increase the voltage and current of a weak signal to desired level. There are two types of amplifiers. They are given below. If you increase the current of DC signal,then the voltage will drop. DC amplifiers involves capacitors for boosting operation.

How to Design Common Emitter Amplifier

CircuitLab is used as an educational tool in hundreds of classrooms around the world. If you are considering using CircuitLab in your classroom take a look at our academic site license options. Below we have gathered sections of a typical electronics curriculum, and links to resources where CircuitLab is used to help teach that topic. For more in-depth academic material, visit the Ultimate Electronics Textbook. For more in-depth video demos, visit our YouTube Channel. For more in-depth tutorials introducing CircuitLab's capabilities, visit the CircuitLab Academy lesson series. CircuitLab is an in-browser schematic capture and circuit simulation software tool to help you rapidly design and analyze analog and digital electronics systems.

In the next three tutorials, including this one, we will present the three elementary topologies of bipolar transistors based amplifiers : the Common Emitter Amplifier , the Common Collector Amplifier and finally, the Common Base Amplifier. The first figure below presents the simplified electrical circuitry of a CEA configuration. The aim of Figure 1 is to purely show the general configuration of a CEA.

In this Transistor tutorial, we will learn about the working of a Transistor as a Switch. Switching and Amplification are the two areas of applications of Transistors and Transistor as a Switch is the basis for many digital circuits. We will learn different operating modes Active, Saturation and Cut-off of a Transistor, how a transistor works as a switch both NPN and PNP and some practical application circuits using transistor as a switch. Transistors is a three-layer, three-terminal semiconductor device, which is often used in signal amplification and switching operations. As one of the significant electronic devices, transistor has found use in enormous range of applications such as embedded systems, digital circuits and control systems.

Microcontrollers can only output a very small amount of current from their output pins. These pins are meant to send control signals, not to act as power supplies. The most common way to control another direct current device from a microcontroller is to use a transistor. Transistors allow you to control the flow of a high-current circuit from a low-current source. To get the most out of this Lab you should be familiar with the following concepts beforehand.

Splice terminations are used in all our ropes to determine new and unused tensile strengths. OP can also be performed. Electronic Circuit-Commentary menu. If you want to reflect or 'Mirror' the.