832a amplifier gain
Second try on A build the thermionic watercooler. Second try on A build by lth1 » Thu Oct 14, pm I am in a non productive mode waiting on questions concerning two Tubelab SE builds, so I thought I would attempt to trouble shoot my previous attempt at building the Audio Hobbyist A amplifier. Just having a hard time understanding his schematic. Cordially, Lee Hankins.
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- Wavelength-based optical filtering
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- US7429881B2 - Wide input common mode sense amplifier - Google Patents
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Wavelength-based optical filtering
Year of fee payment : 4. Year of fee payment : 8. Effective date : According to embodiments of the subject matter disclosed in this application, a wide input common mode sense amplifier may include a level shifter stage and an amplifier stage. The level shifter comprises a CMOS differential amplifier that has a rail-to-rail input common mode range.
The level shifter accepts two input signals with a common mode voltage in a rail-to-rail range and produces two output signals with a stable common mode voltage. The differential amplifier amplifies the two output signals from the level shifter stage with high gain. The disclosed sense amplifier may be used to measure delay between two discrete time events. This disclosure relates generally to electronic circuits, and, more specifically but not exclusively, to differential amplifiers. Differential amplifiers are ubiquitous building blocks in many electronic systems.
In a differential amplifier, relevant information is represented by a difference between two signals. Because of this characteristic, a differential amplifier is insensitive to power supply noise and device process variations so long as there is a good match between major devices.
Mismatch between the major devices will cause the performance of a differential amplifier to degrade. In practice, however, an ideal match between the major devices is very difficult to achieve, if not impossible, because of random process variations. In a differential amplifier, common mode voltages of both input signals and output signals may be represented by the average of two input signals and two output signals, respectively.
A limited common mode voltage range in turn limits applications of a differential amplifier. For example, when a differential amplifier is used as a sense amplifier, it is desirable for the amplifier to have minimum variations of speed and gain over the rail-to-rail input common mode range. For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present application, there is a need to have a wide common mode amplifier with low power consumption and little performance degradation against random process variations among devices.
The features and advantages of the disclosed subject matter will become apparent from the following detailed description of the subject matter in which:. According to embodiments of the subject matter disclosed in this application, a wide input common mode sense amplifier may include a level shifter and a differential amplifier. The level shifter comprises a differential amplifier that has a rail-to-rail input common mode range but has a very small common mode gain.
The level shifter accepts two input signals with any common mode voltage and produces two output signals with a stable common mode voltage. The differential amplifier accepts the two output signals as input signals. Because the input common mode voltage is stable and can be determined, the differential amplifier can be designed to have a high gain to compensate for the low gain of the level shifter.
Furthermore, the level shifter stage of the sense amplifier has longer channel length and width than the differential amplifier stage to reduce the effects of in-die variation offset voltage. Additionally, because the sense amplifier according to embodiments of the disclosed subject matter has a rail-to-rail input common mode range, the sense amplifier may be used to accurately measure delay between two discrete time events.
For example, the sense amplifier may be used to measure the edge rate of a signal. Input ports and receive differential input voltage. A differential output voltage is provided by output ports and Current source is coupled to Vcc and sinks bias currents from transistor and The sources of transistor and are connected to Vss. For both the PSDA and the NSDA, the input common mode is limited by the voltage headroom consumed by the current source and the source coupled devices to ensure these devices are not operating in the cut-off or linear region.
Thus, at an extreme high or low input common mode voltage, the gain and delay performance of the amplifier degrades. The PSDA amplifier stops functioning as a sense amplifier when the input common mode is operated close to Vcc. The gain and delay also degrade at a very low input common mode voltage since the source coupled devices will be forced into the linear operation region.
A CSDA can provide a much wider input common mode range. However, a CSDA still does not address the issue associated with very high and very low input common-mode voltages since its common mode range is fundamentally limited by the voltage headroom consumed to operate the current sources and the source coupled devices away from the cut-off region.
Thus, a CSDA is not a good choice for a very wide common-mode sense amplifier. According to embodiments of the subject matter disclosed in this application, a rail-to-rail input common mode sense amplifier may be achieved. Sense amplifier includes two stages, a level shifter and a differential amplifier The first stage level shifter takes a pair of differential input voltages, and The level shifter comprises a differential amplifier from which the voltage headroom constraint imposed by the current sources is removed.
As a result, the level shifter has a rail-to-rail input common-mode voltage range. The level shifter produces a pair of differential output voltages and corresponding to input voltages and Differential output voltages and have an almost constant common-mode voltage. However, removing the voltage headroom imposed by the current sources from the differential amplifier in the level shifter causes the gain and signal swing of the level shifter to suffer.
Thus, it is desirable that measures be taken to ensure that the level shifter has at least unity gain so that the second stage does not have too much burden to compensate for any gain loss or in-die variation offset voltage amplification caused by the first stage.
The second stage differential amplifier takes output voltages and from the level shifter as its differential input voltages. Differential amplifier provides high gain amplification and performs differential output to single ended output conversion. Differential amplifier provides a final output The common mode voltage of and is held constantly at approximately one third of Vcc.
Thus, a PSDA is a good choice to provide high gain amplification for and in the second stage. Because the common mode voltage of differential input voltages of the second stage is stable, there is no need for the second stage to have a wide input common-mode range. As many other sense amplifiers, sense amplifier is not completely immune from the impact of in-die variations resulting from even state-of-the-art semiconductor processing technologies.
However, with separated level shifting stage and amplification stage, sense amplifier provides a design with much better performance against random in-die process variation than currently available rail-to-rail common-mode sense amplifiers. The random in-die variation impact can be mitigated by using high gain amplifiers for the amplification stage and by using a proper size of the level shifting stage.
In general, using transistors with a long channel length and width for the level shifter stage helps reduce the effects of in-die variations.
Loads A and B are coupled to Vcc at one end. Loads A and B are coupled to Vss at one end. The operation of circuit is as follows. The current ldc through identical branches i. When inputs and do not have equal potentials, a non-zero differential of inputs and is present as illustrated by and respectively in waveform The voltage drops across the input transistors V A-C and V B-D in common mode operation are kept relatively constant, following the pass gate characteristics, as shown in FIG.
In another embodiment, these loads may have different values. In general, the value of these loads needs to be high enough to provide sufficient voltage swing gain , but not too high.
Four voltage outputs at points A, B, C, and D are then fed to a voltage divider circuit The voltage divider circuit converts the 4 terminal level shifted voltages to 2 terminal level shifted differential signals and , which are then fed into the high gain differential amplifier stage.
The voltage divider also helps shift the common-mode voltage of the input signals to a stable generally constant common-mode voltage of output differential signals and The function of the level shifter stage is to shift the common-mode voltage of the input signals, which could have a wide rail-to-rail range, to a common mode voltage with a nearly constant desired common-mode level.
Regardless of the common mode ranges of input signals and , the common mode voltage of output differential signals and is determined by loads A, B, A, and B, and by voltage divider circuit For example, if the level shifter circuit is designed to be balanced, i. The x-axis shows common mode voltage of two input signals and The y-axis shows common mode voltage of output signals include intermediate output signals at points A, B, C, and D.
Line illustrates how the common mode voltage of intermediate output voltages at points A and B changes with the common mode voltage of the input signals. Line illustrates how the common mode voltage of intermediate output voltages at points C and D changes with the common mode voltage of the input signals.
It can be seen that the common mode voltages of intermediate output voltages at points A, B, C, and D is not stable when the common mode voltage of the input signals changes.
However, the common mode voltage of the final output signals and remains almost constant regardless of common mode voltage changes of the input signals. Circuit includes two parts: part representing the level shifter stage and part representing the differential amplifier stage.
The part for the level shifter stage is very similar to circuit as shown in FIG. The part of circuit that represents the second stage of the wide input common mode sense amplifier comprises two PSDA A and B and an output converter Because the level shifter stage does not have much gain, two PSDAs are used in the second stage to achieve high gain for the input signals.
PSDAs A and B accept the differential output signals and from the level shifter stage. Since the common mode voltage of the first stage output signals and is constant, PSDAs A and B can be set to achieve high gain without worrying about possible distortions due to the input PSDA common mode voltage not held constant. The output converter includes an NSDA which converts two terminal output signals and into a single terminal output signal Apparatus comprises two sense amplifiers and , a XOR gate , and a reference voltage setting logic Buffer may provide an input signal to both sense amplifier and Pad may be used as an access point to the input signal from buffer Resistor may be used to adjust the magnitude of the input signal before the signal is sent to sense amplifiers.
A wide input common mode sense amplifier as illustrated in FIG. Two discrete events may be detected using two different voltages in a general voltage signal.
For example, assume that the two discrete events are event A and event B and a general voltage signal has two different voltage thresholds V A and V B. When the value of the voltage signal is larger than V A , one can say that event A occurs; and when the value of the voltage signal is large than V B , one can say the event B occurs. If the voltage signal is continuous, one can detect when event A occurs, when event B occurs, and time intervals between event A and event B.
Reference voltage setting logic may set two reference voltages for two discrete events. The two reference voltages each may be used as one input to a sense amplifier. In the above example, V A and V B may be used as two reference voltages.
V A may be used as one input to sense amplifier , and V B may be used as one input to sense amplifier The general voltage signal is used as the other input to both sense amplifiers and Thus, when event A occurs, the general voltage signal is larger than V A , sense amplifier flips and its output turns from low to high; and when event B occurs, the general voltage signal is larger than V B , sense amplifier flips and its output turns from low to high.
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Active speakers with tube amp
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US7429881B2 - Wide input common mode sense amplifier - Google Patents
Post by pre65 » Fri Mar 27, pm. Post by kuroguy » Fri Mar 27, pm. Post by Mike H » Fri Mar 27, pm. Post by Mike H » Sat Mar 28, am.
FX Audio 6j1 tube preamp - a $31 wonder
This low power amplifier produced a most acceptable quality and volume and allowed recent experiments with Simplex Stereo. Time to upgrade the experimental chassis to get more from the A. What would the push pull amplifier do? The circuit is not complicated and at the present iteration has no negative feedback. The signal source was intended to be the line output of the main computer and so no pre-amplifier valve was included. The phase splitter design is taken from the Valve Technology series by Graham Dixey.
About this item
User Name Stay logged in? Hi there, I just finished my first tube project, building a Single Ended Triode amplifier based off a kit. It sounds wonderful, but I have a feeling I'm loving the time I put into the design of the amp rather than the resulting sound I'm not an audiophile in any way. When I picked up the amp, I was also offered an A tube. I immediately grabbed it for it's aesthetic value, but looking further into it, I noticed people have made amps based off of it! All these amps are Push Pull type amps, but I was wondering if it would be possible to make a "single ended tetrode" got the terminology from wikipedia type amplifier using only this tube. I wouldn't mind having only a mono output would this tube being a double tetrode mean it can possibly have two inputs and two outputs? Would this be possible?
Used Vacuum Tube Amplifier for sale compared from eBay, Craigslist, Amazon,...
Fluke vibration meter specifications. Autocad download free trial Active Member. Forum Donor. Mar 15, 26 Thanks for sharing the Pass article.
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RELATED VIDEO: Set Amplifier Gain with cheap $40 Oscilloscope!!! like a pro! Tune amp perfect!View Full Version : Newby first build amp Hi-i thought i would give a few thoughts on my first amp build. Looks lovely. PS that is a transmitter valve used in ship to shore radios on trawlers to this day. That is why they are prevelant and cheap. Nice piece of work Phillip.
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Effective date : The balanced, bi-directional calibration circuit of the present invention joined to a sensor and a differential preamplifier. The sensor has two outputs which are received by the differential preamplifier such that common-mode line noise is rejected. The calibration circuit includes a broadband signal generator which provides the calibration signal. The calibration circuit also includes a switching network that allows the calibration signal to be switched to either of the two sensor outputs or isolated from the sensor and preamplifier. A dual-state switching control signal is applied via a single control wire to the switching network to select which preamplifier input receives the calibration signal.
Effective date : Year of fee payment : 4. Year of fee payment : 8. Year of fee payment :
Aside from repetition, it's not bad overall.
Bravo, what is the right phrase ... great thought