Hybrid amp 5 speed
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- Alpine Amp 2400 Watts
- Google AMP: Top 5 takeaways to boost your mobile performance
- Technical Pro 3500 Watts Digital Hybrid Amplifier, Preamp/Tuner
- Orange Amps Micro Dark 20W Tube Hybrid Amplifier Head for Electr
- Honda Insight
- Audio Research Amp Design
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- SMSCom Hybrid Fan Speed Controller 8 Amp mk2
- BMC AMP City One Electric Hybrid Bike - 2021
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Over the past two decades, a rapid expansion of the amount of information to be transferred has been observed. This tendency is explained by the rapid increase of Internet and other service users, as well as with the increasing availability of these services.
This rapid growth in the amount of globally transmitted data is also associated with the expansion of the range of services offered, including such resource-consuming services as high-resolution video transmission, videoconferencing, and cloud computing, as well as with increasing popularity of such services.
To satisfy this constantly increasing demand for higher network capacity, fiber optical transmission systems have been studied and applied with a growing intensity. Currently, optical transmission systems with wavelength-division multiplexing WDM have attracted much attention, as this technology allows using the available optical fiber resources more effectively than alternative technologies. Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications. According to the latest Cisco forecast, the total amount of global IP traffic in reached 1.
The forecasted increase in the monthly transferrable IP traffic over the period from to is shown in Figure 1a. If this tendency remains, then in the volume of transferrable Internet traffic during the peak hours will reach 1 petabit per second, whereas the daily average will reach terabits per second [ 1 , 3 ].
Cisco forecast of the monthly transferrable IP traffic A and Bell Labs forecast of the transferrable data amount in backbone and metro networks B [ 1 , 2 ]. It is possible to increase the wavelength-division multiplexing WDM system throughput capacity either by increasing the data transmission speed in channels or the number of channels.
The wavelength band that is used for transmission in WDM systems is limited due to the wavelength dependence of optical signal attenuation in optical fibers [ 4 , 5 ]. In modern transmission systems, the minimum attenuation of single-mode optical fiber is 0.
Regardless of the fact that the attenuation value is so low, its impact accumulates with every next kilometer. In long-haul transmission systems, where transmission lines are several hundreds and even thousand kilometers long, the attenuation substantially degrades the quality of the received signal, as the photodetector sensitivity is limited [ 6 — 8 ]. As the number of channels increases, the attenuation caused by the optical signal division also increases, especially in cases where power splitters are used [ 9 ].
However, by increasing the speed of data transmission, it becomes necessary to reduce the optical noise produced by optical components light sources, modulators, amplifiers, receivers, etc. Therefore, solutions are needed for compensating the ever-increasing accumulated signal attenuation in an ever-broader wavelength range.
Currently, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers EDFAs are most commonly used around the globe for compensation of optical signal attenuation. The amplification bandwidth of EDFAs is strictly limited for conventional EDFA solutions, it is only 35 nm , which restricts the wavelength range used for the transmission in existing systems [ 10 — 12 ].
It is, thus, necessary to seek for new solutions to amplifying optical signals and for opportunities of expanding the range of amplified wavelengths and increasing the attainable amplification level for the already-existing optical signal amplification solutions. This can be achieved by combining amplifiers of various types. In such a way, it is possible to combine the positive properties and partly compensate the drawbacks of different types of amplifiers.
During recent years, the need to increase transmission capacity of existing optical networks together with requirements for reducing the total cost of construction and maintenance of optical networks has induced increasing interest in all-optical signal processing [ 13 — 16 ]. The progress in nonlinear material research has resulted in commercial production of optical fibers and other components with high values of the nonlinear coefficient.
Therefore, the optical power, required to initiate fiber nonlinearities, has become lower [ 15 ]. Fiber nonlinearity is the main mechanism that is used for all-optical signal processing.
Optical amplifiers are the only optical devices capable of rising the power of optical signal high enough to induce manifestation of nonlinear effects during transmission.
That is why the usage of optical amplifiers for all-optical signal processing purposes has been intensively studied all over the world during recent years, and various applications of optical amplifiers have been demonstrated [ 13 — 16 , 18 — 20 ]. Amplification of optical signals is based on the energy transfer from pumping optical radiation or another type of energy to the amplifiable optical signal.
This process is implemented differently in various types of optical amplifiers. In general, the amplification process uses the stimulated emission phenomenon in the amplification environment, such as, for instance, semiconductor optical amplifiers or doped fiber optical amplifiers. Furthermore, such nonlinear optical effects such as Raman, Brillouin, and four-wave mixing FWM are used to amplify optical signals in cases of Raman, Brillouin, and parametric optical amplifiers, respectively [ 21 ].
The mechanism of amplifying optical signals is based on occurrence of stimulated light emission in the gain medium. The light emission phenomenon can be explained using the Rutherford-Bohr atomic model. Bohr has stated that atoms may jump from one energy state to another, by performing what is known as the quantum jumps, corresponding to a change of orbit.
This orbit change requires a change in the energy level; therefore, if the atom jumps from the higher energy state to the lower energy state, it will produce a photon. A photon contains energy, which corresponds to the difference between the initial higher energy level and lower occupied level energy, as the overall energy of the process must remain unchanged.
This assumption derives from the law of conservation of energy [ 22 ]. Thus, photon energy can be determined according to the following equation [ 23 ]:. Optical amplifiers can be classified according to the nature of the amplification process [ 23 ]: Amplifiers, in which amplification is obtained, using linear properties of the material semiconductor optical amplifiers SOAs and amplifiers on rare-earth element-doped fiber basis xDFA. Amplifiers, for which the principle of operations is based on nonlinear properties of the material Raman optical amplifiers, Brillouin optical amplifiers, and fiber optical parametric amplifier FOPA.
A second way of classifying optical amplifiers is according to the medium, in which amplification takes place: Amplifiers, in which semiconductor material is used SOA. The main parameters that are used to characterize optical amplifiers are the level of amplification, the gain bandwidth, the saturation power of the amplifier, the polarization sensitivity of the produced gain, and the amount of signal impairments produced by the amplifier. The achievable level of amplification is determined as the relation of the output signal power to the power of the same signal in the input of the amplifier.
Amplifiers are sometimes also described with amplification efficiency, which describes the amplification as a function of the pumping power. The bandwidth of the amplifier produced gain is applied to the wavelength or frequency range, in which the use of the amplifier is effective, namely, where it can ensure an increase in signal power.
This value is especially important in WDM transmission systems, as it limits the number of channels in such systems [ 23 ]. The saturation point for an optical amplifier is the maximum attainable output power value, namely, when the optical signal power in the amplifier output no longer increases while raising the signal power at the amplifier input.
When the input power is increased above the saturation point, all carriers in the gain medium are already in a saturated status, and a higher level of energy transfer to the amplified signal is no longer possible. The saturation power is defined as the output power, at which 3 dB decrease in amplification is observed, in respect to the maximum possible level of amplification [ 23 ].
The dominating source of noise in optical signal amplifiers is the amplified spontaneous emission ASE , which originates in the gain medium [ 25 ]. The amount of noise generated by amplifiers depends on various factors. The most important of these are the gain medium material parameters e. The problem of noise generated by an amplifier is most explicit in systems, where it is required to use multiple amplification stages, therefore placing the amplifiers in a cascade, such as backbone optical networks.
Each amplifier in such cascades not only amplifies the transmitted signal but also the noise generated by the amplifier from the previous amplification stage and additionally adds ASE noise of its own [ 23 ]. To assess the amount of ASE noise generated by the amplifier, the noise figure NF parameter is normally used. This value describes the optical signal-to-noise ratio OSNR changes, as the signal passes through the amplifier [ 23 , 26 ]. The simulation scheme introduced for this purpose is displayed in Figure 2.
Such a structure of the WDM transmission system simulation model will also be used further in the research, when the operations of an amplifier are analyzed. Simulation model of the channel 10 Gbps DWDM transmission system used for comparison of optical amplifier performance. The performance of different types of amplifiers has been compared in a channel dense wavelength division multiplexing DWDM transmission system with 10 Gbps transmission speed per channel, 50 GHz channel spacing, and non-return-to-zero on-off keying NRZ-OOK on-off keying modulation format.
In each case, also the length of the dispersion-compensating fiber DCF has been determined. Optical amplifiers have been used as in-line amplifiers. Summary of the results obtained in the 16 channel 10 Gbps DWDM transmission system depending on the type of amplifier used Column 2—without using an amplifier. The largest transmission distance has been achieved in a system with the DRA. Here, just like in the case of LRA, the attainable amplification is limited by the impact of fiber nonlinearity on the quality of the amplified signal.
A mW co-propagating pumping radiation is used for DRA pumping. The amplification process occurs in the transmission line section between the DRA pumping source and the receiver block. Thus, the single-mode fiber SMF attenuation reduces the signal amplification rate in the direction from the amplifier to the receiver block, which allows achieving much larger amplification than in the case of LRA, and accordingly increases the attainable transmission distance.
Irrespective of the fact that the average amplification in the case of DRA is larger just only by 0. This can be explained by the low amplification efficiency of the Raman amplifiers at low powers of the amplified optical radiation.
Thus, the signal, the power of which is much larger than the noise power, will be amplified more effectively than the noise generated by the amplifier. Nevertheless, such characteristic of the amplifier should also be interpreted as a serious drawback of the distributed Raman amplifiers, as the need arises to use powerful pumping lasers mW strong pumping radiation is necessary to achieve amplification of 25 dB.
EDFA pumping source power is equal to mW. The main deficiency of SOAs is a very high number of produced signal impairments; therefore, this type of amplifiers is rarely used in WDM systems, even though their gain spectrum is much broader in comparison with EDFAs.
Taking into account the excessive number of SOA produced signal impairments, the strong wavelength and unevenness of the EDFA produced gain, and the low amplification effectivity of Raman amplifiers, it is clear that, if Cisco and Bell Labs forecasts are correct, then it will be necessary to find another optical signal amplification solution that could ensure a higher level of amplification over a broader wavelength band and at the same time that would amplify signal impairments as little as possible.
The first possible solution is to combine the aforementioned optical amplifiers into a hybrid optical amplifier, which would allow compensating for the negative properties of various amplifier types, for instance, to expand and equalize the EDFA gain spectrum, or would reduce the SOA-generated noise proportion in the amplifier output.
Another possible solution is the use of fiber optical parametric amplifiers FOPAs. This type of amplifiers can ensure a high level of amplification over a broad wavelength band, and, if compared to other lumped amplifier types, given an optimized configuration, they produce very small number of signal impairments.
Moreover, parametric amplifiers can also be used for all-optical signal processing purposes, for example, for wavelength conversion [ 27 , 28 ], dispersion compensation [ 29 ], time-division-multiplexed signal demultiplexing [ 20 ], and 2R and 3R all-optical signal regeneration 2R—signal power and form regeneration; 3R—signal power, form, and phase regeneration [ 30 , 31 ]. This chapter is dedicated to studies of hybrid optical amplifiers, which were obtained by applying the combinations of currently commercially used optical amplifiers SOA, EDFA, and Raman amplifiers.
The unevenness of the EDFA gain spectrum and signal distortions caused by ASE noise significantly affect the performance of the whole transmission system, especially in systems with several amplification spans. To demonstrate the impact of the unevenness of EDFA gain spectrum and of the generated signal distortions, a channel 10 Gbps DWDM transmission system simulation model has been introduced with four amplification spans.
Equal power of the optical flow has been ensured at each amplifier input. The obtained results are shown in Figure 3. After each amplification span, BER value of the detected signal increases by 2—3 orders given the same input signal power. Upon comparing the EDFA gain spectra after the first and fourth amplification span, it is found that amplification decreases on average by The following conclusions are drawn: Every additional EDFA not only generates the amplified spontaneous emission noise but also amplifies the noise produced by the previous amplification spans.
This significantly degrades the quality of amplifiable signal. The ASE power level after each amplifier is gradually increasing. Accordingly, part of the erbium ion population inversion is used to amplify the noise generated in the previous amplification spans.
As a result, the part of the obtained population inversion, which was used for signal amplification, has decreased. Optical spectra the power level depending on frequency at the output of the EDFAs to the left and eye diagrams of the signal detected in the ninth channel to the right after first A , second B , third C , and fourth D stages of amplification. The slope of the gain spectrum increases after each amplification span.
Uneven amplification is undesirable in multichannel WDM systems, especially in systems with several cascaded EDFA in-line amplifiers, as it leads to difference between power levels of various channels, which, accordingly, will lead to a signal quality degradation in channels with a lower amplification level.
Summing up all the aforementioned results, it has been concluded that it is necessary to configure the EDFA amplifier in a way to obtain the overall amplification spectrum that is as even as possible in the frequency range used for transmission, as well as to reduce the number of EDFA produced signal distortions.
Therefore, in most cases, the Raman amplifier is used as a preamplifier in such cascades. EDFA amplifiers provide lower noise figures when functioning closer to the saturation point.
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Skip to search form Skip to main content You are currently offline. Some features of the site may not work correctly. The proposed configuration consists of 16 and 32 channels at speed of 10 Gbps. We have realized the different hybrid amplifiers and their parameters like quality factor, Min log of BER, Max eye opening and output power at different number of channels. The different combinations can provide a better result and better feasibility for long distance transmission… Expand. Save to Library Save. Create Alert Alert.
Technical Pro 3500 Watts Digital Hybrid Amplifier, Preamp/Tuner
The fully loaded, hybrid MA Integrated Amplifier is a product of uncompromising audio engineering and expert craftsmanship. Our most powerful integrated amplifier ever, the feature rich MA offers Watts per channel of clean, high performance power that produces a breathtaking home audio experience. You will think your favorite musicians are playing a live, in-person performance in your house. The MA gives you the best of all worlds with the warm nuances of a vacuum tube preamplifier or valve preamplifier as some of our friends like to say combined with the speed and raw power of a solid state amplifier, state-of-the-art digital audio capabilities, and enough analog audio connections for virtually any home music system. The MA is a hybrid design with the preamplifier section powered by 4 12AX7A vacuum tubes 2 tubes per audio channel , while the Watt power amplifier section employs a solid state design. There are 10 analog inputs on the MA consisting of 2 balanced and 6 unbalanced inputs, plus 1 Moving Coil and 1 Moving Magnet input for connecting a turntable. Both phono inputs feature adjustable loading for fine tuning the MA to your specific turntable configuration so your vinyl collection sounds just right. All the unbalanced analog connectors are constructed from premium gold-plated solid brass for superior signal handling and grounding. The MA also has 1 balanced and 1 unbalanced output if you ever want to connect to an additional amplifier that's used in a different part of your residence. This audiophile-grade DAC features improved dynamic range and improved total harmonic distortion.
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Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics. Home page Other articles in this issue. New dispersion-compensated Raman-amplifier cascade with a single-pump parametric amplifier for dense wavelength-division multiplexing 1 Kaur G. In this work a dispersion-compensated Raman amplifier has been cascaded with a single-pump parametric amplifier to build a dense wavelength-division multiplexed DWDM system. This hybrid system demonstrates a flat gain in the L-band.
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Press releases. Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. This technology opens the potential for higher performance and functionality in broadband and radar communication systems, in particular for airplane radar systems and other instruments that use multiple frequencies, which could be accommodated by a single amplifier. Furthermore, in comparison with conventional power amplifiers that use gallium-arsenide GaAs , the new ultra-wideband UWB GaN-HEMT-based amplifier features higher efficiency 5 , thus enabling a reduction in the size of cooling equipment, which is anticipated to result in power amplifiers that are smaller and lighter. In order to expand radar detection ranges and the distance that radio waves in wireless communications can travel, it is necessary to increase the output power of transmitters. In addition, in order increase transmission capacities and heighten the detection performance of radar that detects multiple targets, it is necessary to expand the bandwidth of transmitters and enable them to handle multiple channels.
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Live comes with a selection of custom-designed, built-in audio effects. The Working with Instruments and Effects chapter see Chapter 19 explains the basics of using effects in Live. Amp is an effect that emulates the sound and character of seven classic guitar amplifiers. Developed in collaboration with Softube, Amp uses physical modelling technology to provide a range of authentic and usable amplifier tones, with a simple and consistent set of controls. This makes it very easy to quickly change the overall character of your sound without having to make numerous adjustments. Gain adjusts the level of input to the preamplifier, while Volume adjusts the output stage of the power amplifier.
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Learn more. Kicker 44KXMA Flexible vehicle integration enabled through low-level and high-level inputs with auto turn-on. Marshall Watt Power Amp. This Alpine Amp X-A70F is quite simply the best 4-channel amplifier for overall sound quality and performance, not only on my list, but in the car audio This amplifier is very expensive, and possibly out of most people's price range.
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