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Single ended power amplifier wikipedia

Class D amplifiers, first proposed in , have become increasingly popular in recent years. What are Class D amplifiers? How do they compare with other kinds of amplifiers? Why is Class D of interest for audio? Find the answers to all these questions in the following pages.


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WATCH RELATED VIDEO: Single Ended Tube Amplifier Build 2017 - Part 1 - BG096

Negative-feedback amplifier


An audio power amplifier or power amp is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power electronic audio signals such as the signal from radio receiver or electric guitar pickup to a level that is high enough for driving loudspeakers or headphones. Audio power amplifiers are found in all manner of sound systems including sound reinforcement , public address and home audio systems and musical instrument amplifiers like guitar amplifiers. It is the final electronic stage in a typical audio playback chain before the signal is sent to the loudspeakers.

The preceding stages in such a chain are low power audio amplifiers which perform tasks like pre-amplification of the signal this is particularly associated with record turntable signals, microphone signals and electric instrument signals from pickups, such as the electric guitar and electric bass , equalization e.

The inputs can also be any number of audio sources like record players , CD players , digital audio players and cassette players. Most audio power amplifiers require these low-level inputs, which are line level. While the input signal to an audio power amplifier, such as the signal from an electric guitar, may measure only a few hundred microwatts , its output may be a few watts for small consumer electronics devices, such as clock radios , tens or hundreds of watts for a home stereo system , several thousand watts for a nightclub 's sound system or tens of thousands of watts for a large rock concert sound reinforcement system.

While power amplifiers are available in standalone units, typically aimed at the hi-fi audiophile market a niche market of audio enthusiasts and sound reinforcement system professionals, most consumer electronics audio products, such as clock radios , boomboxes and televisions have relatively small power amplifiers that are integrated into the product.

The audio amplifier was invented around by Lee de Forest , made possible by his invention of the first practical amplifying electrical component, the triode vacuum tube or "valve" in British English in The triode was a three terminal device with a control grid that can modulate the flow of electrons from the filament to the plate.

The triode vacuum amplifier was used to make the first AM radio. Audio power amplifiers based on transistors became practical with the wide availability of inexpensive transistors in the late s. Since the s, most modern audio amplifiers are based on solid-state transistors, especially the bipolar junction transistor BJT and the metal—oxide—semiconductor field-effect transistor MOSFET.

Transistor-based amplifiers are lighter in weight, more reliable and require less maintenance than tube amplifiers. In the s, there are still audio enthusiasts, musicians particularly electric guitarists , electric bassists , Hammond organ players and Fender Rhodes electric piano players, among others , audio engineers and music producers who prefer tube-based amplifiers, and what is perceived as a "warmer" tube sound.

Key design parameters for audio power amplifiers are frequency response , gain , noise , and distortion. These are interdependent; increasing gain often leads to undesirable increases in noise and distortion.

While negative feedback actually reduces the gain, it also reduces distortion. Most audio amplifiers are linear amplifiers operating in class AB. Until the s, most amplifiers used vacuum tubes. During the s, tube amps were increasingly replaced with transistor -based amplifiers, which were lighter in weight, more reliable, and lower maintenance. Nevertheless, tube preamplifiers are still sold in niche markets , such as with home hi-fi enthusiasts, audio engineers and music producers who use tube preamplifiers in studio recordings to "warm up" microphone signals and electric guitarists, electric bassists and Hammond organ players, of whom a minority continue to use tube preamps, tube power amps and tube effects units.

While hi-fi enthusiasts and audio engineers doing live sound or monitoring tracks in the studio typically seek out amplifiers with the lowest distortion, electric instrument players in genres such as blues , rock music and heavy metal music , among others, use tube amplifiers because they like the natural overdrive that tube amps produce when pushed hard.

The Class-D amplifier , which is much more efficient than Class AB amplifiers, is now widely used in consumer electronics audio products, bass amplifiers and sound reinforcement system gear, as Class D amplifiers are much lighter in weight and produce much less heat.

Since modern digital devices, including CD and DVD players, radio receivers and tape decks already provide a "flat" signal at line level, the preamp is not needed other than as a volume control and source selector.

One alternative to a separate preamp is to simply use passive volume and switching controls, sometimes integrated into a power amplifier to form an integrated amplifier. The final stage of amplification, after preamplifiers, is the output stage, where the highest demands are placed on the transistors or tubes.

For this reason, the design choices made around the output device for single-ended output stages, such as in single-ended triode amplifiers or devices for push-pull output stages , such as the Class of operation of the output devices is often taken as the description of the whole power amplifier.

For example, a Class B amplifier will probably have just the high power output devices operating cut off for half of each cycle, while the other devices such as differential amplifier, voltage amplifier and possibly even driver transistors operate in Class A. For some years following the introduction of solid state amplifiers, their perceived sound did not have the excellent audio quality of the best valve amplifiers see valve audio amplifier.

This led audiophiles to believe that "tube sound" or valve sound had an intrinsic quality due to the vacuum tube technology itself. In , Matti Otala published a paper on the origin of a previously unobserved form of distortion: transient intermodulation distortion TIM , [7] later also called slew-induced distortion SID by others.

TIM did not appear at steady state sine tone measurements, helping to hide it from design engineers prior to Problems with TIM distortion stem from reduced open loop frequency response of solid state amplifiers. Further works of Otala and other authors found the solution for TIM distortion, including increasing slew rate , decreasing preamp frequency bandwidth, and the insertion of a lag compensation circuit in the input stage of the amplifier.

This new idea helped audio design engineers to better evaluate the distortion processes within an amplifier. Important applications include public address systems, theatrical and concert sound reinforcement systems , and domestic systems such as a stereo or home-theatre system.

Instrument amplifiers including guitar amplifiers and electric keyboard amplifiers also use audio power amplifiers. In some cases, the power amplifier for an instrument amplifier is integrated into a single amplifier "head" which contains a preamplifier, tone controls, and electronic effects.

These components may be mounted in a wooden speaker cabinet to create a "combo amplifier". Power amplifiers are available in standalone units, which are used by hi-fi audio enthusiasts and designers of public address systems PA systems and sound reinforcement systems.

A hi-fi user of power amplifiers may have a stereo power amplifier to drive left and right speakers and a single-channel mono power amplifier to drive a subwoofer. The number of power amplifiers used in a sound reinforcement setting depends on the size of the venue. A small coffeehouse may have a single power amp driving two PA speakers. A nightclub may have several power amps for the main speakers, one or more power amps for the monitor speakers pointing towards the band and an additional power amp for the subwoofer.

A stadium concert may have a large number of power amps mounted in racks. Most consumer electronics sound products, such as TVs , boom boxes , home cinema sound systems, Casio and Yamaha electronic keyboards , "combo" guitar amps and car stereos have power amplifiers integrated inside the chassis of the main product. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Audio amplifier with power output sufficient to drive a loudspeaker. It is not to be confused with RF power amplifier. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Archived from the original on Retrieved Electronic Design. Retrieved 23 July High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers. ISBN The Other Half of Rock 'n' Roll. Hal Leonard Corporation. S2CID June Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. March The Art of Linear Electronics.

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Audio power amplifier

A single-ended triode SET is a vacuum tube electronic amplifier that uses a single triode to produce an output, in contrast to a push-pull amplifier which uses a pair of devices with antiphase inputs to generate an output with the wanted signals added and the distortion components subtracted. Single-ended amplifiers normally operate in Class A; push-pull amplifiers can also operate in Classes AB or B [ citation needed ] without excessive net distortion, due to cancellation. The term single-ended triode amplifier is mainly used for output stages of audio power amplifiers. The phrase directly heated triode single-ended triode amplifier abbreviated to DHT SET is used when directly heated triodes are used. A typical triode audio power amplifier will have a driver that provides voltage gain, coupled to a triode like 2A3 and B or a pentode or kinkless tetrode such as EL34 or KT88 connected as a triode, connected to the loudspeaker through an audio transformer in a common cathode arrangement. The triode is biased to Class A operation by applying a suitable negative bias voltage to its input control grid see diagram , or by raising the cathode potential with biasing components.

all-audio.pro are the power input of a differential amplifier, a single-ended amplifier.

Bridge-tied load


Class B amplifier is a type of power amplifier where the active device transistor conducts only for one half cycle of the input signal. Since the active device is switched off for half the input cycle, the active device dissipates less power and hence the efficiency is improved. Theoretical maximum efficiency of Class B power amplifier is The schematic of a single ended Class B amplifier and input , output waveforms are shown in the figure below. One way to realize a practical Class B amplifier is to use a pair of active devices transistors arranged in push-pull mode where one transistor conducts one half cycle and the other transistor conducts the other half cycle. The output from both transistors are then combined together to get a scaled replica of the input. But there is a snag — there must be some way to split the input wave form to feed the individual transistors and there must be some way to put together the output of the individual transistors.

Differential amplifier

single ended power amplifier wikipedia

An operational amplifier often op amp or opamp is a DC-coupled high- gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers , where they were used to perform mathematical operations in linear, non-linear, and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. By using negative feedback , the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance , bandwidth etc. Op amps are used widely in electronic devices today, including a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices.

A Negative-feedback amplifier or feedback amplifier is an electronic amplifier that subtracts a fraction of its output from its input, so that negative feedback opposes the original signal. Because of these advantages, many amplifiers and control systems use negative feedback.

Operational amplifier


A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference between two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. Single amplifiers are usually implemented by either adding the appropriate feedback resistors to a standard op-amp , or with a dedicated integrated circuit containing internal feedback resistors. It is also a common sub-component of larger integrated circuits handling analog signals. In practice, however, the gain is not quite equal for the two inputs. A more realistic expression for the output of a differential amplifier thus includes a second term:. As differential amplifiers are often used to null out noise or bias voltages that appear at both inputs, a low common-mode gain is usually desired.

Class D Audio Amplifiers: What, Why, and How

An electronic amplifier , amplifier , or informally amp is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply. Numerous types of electronic amplifiers are specialized to various applications. An amplifier can refer to anything from a electrical circuit that uses a single active component, to a complete system such as a packaged audio hi-fi amplifier.

amplifier (often op amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.

Tube sound

An amplifier , electronic amplifier or informally amp is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal a time-varying voltage or current. It is a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude of a signal applied to its input terminals, producing a proportionally greater amplitude signal at its output. The amount of amplification provided by an amplifier is measured by its gain : the ratio of output voltage, current, or power to input.

Single Ended vs. Balanced Connection


Multiple electronic amplifiers can be connected such that they drive a single floating load bridge or a single common load parallel , to increase the amount of power available in different situations. This is commonly encountered in audio applications. Bridged or paralleled modes of working, normally involving audio power amplifiers, are methods of combining the output of two identical amplifiers to provide, what is in effect, a mono amplifier. Combining more than two amplifiers can be effected using the basic principles described, including the possibility of bridge and parallel modes in combination.

Such amplification consists in the control, through some active element, of the amplifier power supply by the signal being amplified. Most often the active element is a transistor, a vacuum tube, a tunnel diode, a parametric diode, a voltage-variable capacitor, or an inductance coil with a core made of a ferromagnetic material.

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The Williamson amplifier is a four-stage , push-pull , Class A triode -output valve audio power amplifier designed by D. Williamson during World War II. The original circuit, published in and addressed to the worldwide do it yourself community, set the standard of high fidelity sound reproduction and served a benchmark or reference amplifier design throughout the s.




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