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Content:

• Mudita Pure
• Doubt cast over benefit of radiation shields on mobile phones
• Mobile phone
• Which mobile phone gives off the least amount of radiation?
• Smartphones
• Lowest Radiation Cell Phones of 2021 (Low SAR Ratings)
• Cancer Myth: Mobile phones and cancer
• Smartphone usage and increased risk of mobile phone addiction: A concurrent study
• Do mobile phones cause cancer?
• The Phones Emitting the Least Radiation

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: Which mobile has lowest SAR value 2021 । What is SAR value?

Mudita Pure

Research Scholar, D. Mobile phones are universally popular due to their convenience. Mobile phones solve problems such as interacting with the people, transfer of data through offering new channels of communication by using a device small enough to fit into one hand.

On the other hand, mobile phones may be harmful to the environment and health, and waste disposal issues may be associated with its discharge of radiation. The present study discusses the adverse effects associated in using mobile phones, and addresses sustainable perspectives to overcome the same.

A mobile phone has several advantages, enabling communication with family, friends, and business wherever a signal is available. In addition, the 3G telephone enables users to access data; listen to music; play games; send and receive simple text messages known as short message service SMS ; access multimedia messaging services MMS , voice, and video, as well as internet access through wireless application protocol WAP.

Even though mobile phones have several advantages, there are also significant disadvantages associated with its use. Chemical substances from mobile phones such as arsenic, lithium, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc are considered toxic.

Bereketli et al, , Lincoln et al. When mobiles are discarded, these toxic substances may be released or exposed from decomposing waste in landfills, contaminate the soil and seep into groundwater. Savvilotidou et al. Kang et al, explored that lithium batteries may contribute substantially to environmental pollution, and adverse human health impacts due to potentially toxic materials.

Plastics are the leading chemical substance found in mobile phones followed by other miniature materials Figure 1. Metals build-up in the soil, which can enter the food chain, and in sufficient concentrations may cause health problems.

Bharodiya and Kayasth , Lakshmi and Nagan explained the health hazards of manufacturing components of cell phone along with the spirit into the lives of individuals. Using mobile phones can harm the brain, and excessive use of mobile phones has been associated with dizziness. The radiations emitted from the phone are also harmful for the eardrum. Furthermore, World Health Organization WHO, said that exposure to the radiofrequency RF fields emitted by mobile phones are generally times more than that emitted from base stations, and noted that research had almost exclusively conducted on the possible effects of mobile phones, such as electromagnetic interference, road traffic accidents, cancer and other health-related effects.

Moving towards a more sustainable system of mobile phone production and consumption would help to mitigate or minimize the aforementioned risks associated with mobile phones. This paper reports the issues related to the use of mobile phones and also focuses on the aspects of sustainability in mobile phones to overcome its adverse effects. The major issues related to using mobile phones are as follows:. In this paper we will first identify the associated health and environmental risks, and then examine policies and innovation strategies to reduce these risks.

The analysis has a survey character, as we derive many insights from the existing literature on the problems and solutions. The production of new mobile phones contribute to the climate change by exhausting energy and virgin materials in processes, thereby releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

The United Nations Environment Programme Kick the Habit, estimated that the manufacture of a mobile phone produces about 60 kg of CO 2e and using a mobile phone for a year produces about kg of CO 2e. The evaluation of material and energy consumption of mobile phones is an important task in the end-of-life management of electronic products Yu et al, The CO 2 emissions per subscriber in a year for a 3G system are equivalent to the emissions from driving a car for — kms or to 19—21 lts of gasoline Nokia, Soonenschein et al.

Paiano et al. Vergara et al. Most consumers are not aware of the effect of mobile phones on CO 2 production and its emissions are expected to raise 55 million metric tons due to the increase in mobile communications by Soonenschein et al, Mobile or Cell phones are fabricated with heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, lithium, mercury and brominated flame retardants, which are used in the parts of printed circuit board PCB , liquid crystal display LCD , keypad, plastic casing, batteries and chargers.

These substances cause severe environmental collision due to their levels of toxicity. Replacing the handsets every year, as new models become available every year, creates an unnecessary carbon footprint and hazardous waste.

Robinson stated that improper disposal of waste mobile phones caused significant health effects and environmental degradation in the developing world. Mobile recycled wastes led to contamination of the soil, water, fish, and wildlife.

For example, the leakage of cadmium in the battery from a single phone could contaminate , liters of water. Deloitte identified the absence of proper recycles and reuses program causing more than 7, tons of toxic cell phone components i.

The resulting contamination will leave far-reaching consequences to be faced by the environment and all the living forms of the earth. Unused parts of the cell phone are disposed in the environment affecting all the elements of the environment, i.

Lakshmi and Nagan reported that lead, a possible carcinogen can accumulate in the environment resulting in acute and chronic effects on microorganisms, plants, animals and humans, and the authors also noted when mercury makes its way into water it is transformed into methylated mercury and eventually ends up in food causing brain damage.

Lithium has a high degree of chemical activity which by itself can pollute the water when exposed Clean Up Mobile Phones, Thus, these substances may cause major crisis in the environmental by seeping from the decaying waste in landfills into ground water, contaminating the soil and eventually entering the food chain. In regards to human health, the health hazards are associated with high-toxic substances released from the mobile phones. Cocosila investigated the effects of perceived health risks due to the usage of 3G mobile phones.

Barnett et al. Lakshmi and Nagan stated that cadmium may cause lung and prostate cancer, and is toxic to the gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys, and the respiratory, cardiovascular and hormonal systems. Lead causes damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, blood systems, and kidneys. Brominated flame retardants may increase the cancer risk of digestive and lymph systems.

Kleef et al. Aghav notified that beyond any doubt the electromagnetic fields are harmful and its adverse effects on a human body depend upon the intensity of the cell phone frequency. Davis mentioned that the European Union sponsored REFLEX project have found significant evidence of DNA damage from signals from modern 3G phones, and also found that split samples of human sperm studied in six different national laboratories indicate poorer morphology, motility, and increased pathology in cell phone exposed samples.

Acharya et al. Certain neurological symptoms occur due to the frequent use of mobile phones, such as depression, sadness, irritability and headaches, anxiety, loss of memory and lack of sleep.

The conclusion arrived on the health risks associated with mobile phones reported by many researchers are given below:. Table 1 Health risks associated with mobile phones. Aghav alarmed that most of the people were unaware about health hazard of continuous emission of radiation.

Today, there is an upsurge of public concern about the possible health hazards of this new technology. The impacts of mobile phone radiation on human health have come into focus of the researchers Anvari et al. The use of mobile phones by vehicle drivers and pedestrians will cause road accidents due to their loss of concentration. Driving while talking, texting, or using the internet distracts drivers and increases the risk of accidents.

Teenagers are at the greatest risk to become victims of accidents due to cell-phone use while driving. Almost 9 in 10 teenage drivers admit to engaging in distracted driving behaviors, such as texting or talking on a cell phone. Khan et al. Karger also verified using a mobile phone while driving a car is significantly associated with a higher risk of vehicle collisions.

Mobile phones are the commonest hand-held device with harmful effects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on sustainability for defeating those issues.

All the information and data presented in this paper were gathered from various sources of secondary data. The online search database provided secondary data such as journals and extracts from newspapers, books and magazines. Some of the information and data were obtained from the internet search engines like Google. The research framework was developed as shown in Figure 2. To reduce the environmental and health risks of mobile phones, this study identified the perspectives on sustainability such as design, manufacture, energy consumption, recycling, reusing and take back to mitigate and minimize the negative impacts of mobile phones.

Although some action can be taken to mitigate these impacts, EITO also confirmed that the design, manufacture, operation and disposal of information communication technology ICT , have an overall negative impact on the environment.

The control remedies are discussed below:. Mobile phones are becoming more energy-efficient and are eliminating the use of hazardous materials. During product creation, they focus on energy efficiency, sustainability on the use of materials, smart packaging, and creating environmental services. This may engage people to adopt more sustainable lifestyles. Environment specialist who supports the product development project should be dedicated for development of new products.

Bharodiya and Kayasth implied that the cell phone manufacturing companies have to minimize the use of hazardous metals and materials those harm the environment or may choose for those that are eco friendly.

The manufacturers have to use recyclable metals and materials without emission of carbon dioxide so that there is minimum disposal on the earth. The manufacturers of cell phone have to appoint authorized distributors to sell cell phones, and the information about the authorized distributorship should be maintained by the government of respective nations. If any persons or organizations found to sell cell phones illegally without authorization from the manufacturers, strict actions should be taken.

Authorized distributors should provide detailed notes about the impacts of cell phone on environment along with the user manual booklet. The government should strictly compel to follow all the policies and rules shown. Government can add this additional duty on the Ministry of environment to minimize or remove the impacts of cell phone on the environment.

Groupe Speciale Mobile Association suggested ideal solution, from an environmental perspective, is to design a mobile phone with reuse, recycling and minimal disposal in mind. This starts with reducing energy input to the manufacture of components, substituting fewer hazardous substances for example, the use of lead-free solder , and minimizing mixing of materials, such as metals embedded in plastics, which could be difficult to separate during recycling.

Designing a phone for easy dismantling is also an important factor, as this would reduce the cost of refurbishment and recycling. However, while the list of handset functions grows, the actual product size decreases. This produces environmental benefits through reduction in the use natural resources during manufacture, and the substitution of one device for many.

Motorola is currently evaluating the use of biodegradable plastics in mobile phone covers with a view to using composting in their disposal. In order to further reduce environmental impacts, NTTDoCoMo has announced the use of recycled plastics in its new phone accessories, and Fujitsu is developing a plastic derived from corn starch.

For example, power cells currently in use require fewer resources during manufacture, and avoid the use of toxic metals such as lead and cadmium. This makes the batteries much safer during the recycling and disposal processes.

Mobile devices should be equipped with multiple functionalities, for instance; many include a digital camera, music player, navigation, web browser and several other features all in one product to help consumers reduce their own environmental footprint and avoid buying, using and charging several separate devices, when one device can be used for many different purposes. An Integrated Product Policy project has been established to identify the improvement options that Nokia and the stakeholders could take to enhance the environmental performance of the phones.

Nokia introduced the Green Channel store, which has information about applications and services related to the environment, to raise public awareness about sustainable lifestyles, health and well-being, and social responsibility. Vodafone aimed to reduce the environmental impacts of mobile phone products and services through measures designed to empower customers to make more sustainable choices.

Doubt cast over benefit of radiation shields on mobile phones

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Mobile phone

A mobile phone , cellular phone, cell phone , cellphone , handphone , or hand phone , sometimes shortened to simply mobile , cell or just phone , is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator , which provides access to the public switched telephone network PSTN. Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture and, therefore, mobile telephones are called cellular telephones or cell phones in North America. In addition to telephony , digital mobile phones 2G support a variety of other services , such as text messaging , MMS , email , Internet access , short-range wireless communications infrared , Bluetooth , business applications, video games and digital photography. Mobile phones offering only those capabilities are known as feature phones ; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor MOS large-scale integration LSI technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications. Mitchell [2] [3] and Martin Cooper of Motorola in , using a handset weighing c. From to , worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to over seven billion; enough to provide one for every person on Earth. A handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In , Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone".

Which mobile phone gives off the least amount of radiation?

LeafScore is reader-supported. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more. The average smartphone lasts about two to three years, after which most cellphones end up either traded in hopefully or shoved in that miscellany drawer of electronics come on, we all have one! Some companies are trying to do better, with more sustainably built smartphones coming to market that have a longer life, are designed with circular economy principles in mind, and that emit less radiation than earlier models.

Smartphones

So far, the best scientific evidence shows that using mobile phones does not increase the risk of cancer. There also aren't any good explanations for how mobile phones could cause cancer. The radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation that mobile phones or phone masts transmit and receive is non-ionising and is very weak. This non-ionising radiation does not have enough energy to damage DNA and cannot directly cause cancer. And we continue to monitor any new evidence.

Lowest Radiation Cell Phones of 2021 (Low SAR Ratings)

It is by far the best emf protection case on the market. This is a comprehensive chart of the lowest radiation cell phones currently available. As you can see from the chart, coming in just first place with an absorption rate of just. This is by far the lowest radiation smartphone by a major manufacturer. It used to be that the FCC mandated that cell phone manufacturers only use antennas that transmitted in all directions, known as omnidirectional antennas. In the FCC changed its rule, in part to protect hearing aids from the radiation emitted from th e omnidirectional antenna, and no longer required that phone manufacturers use this time of antenna. This was not only a transformational upgrade for Samsung, but something brand new to the industry. More importantly, though, it dramatically lowered the recorded SAR ratings of all the phones using this antenna.

Cancer Myth: Mobile phones and cancer

Do mobile phones cause cancer? Over the last week, they convened a panel of 31 experts to look at the available evidence. It means that there is some evidence linking mobile phones to cancer, but it is too weak to make any strong conclusions.

Smartphone usage and increased risk of mobile phone addiction: A concurrent study

RELATED VIDEO: TOP 5 BEST MOBILE PHONES UNDER $200 – MARCH 2021

The research team investigated the rise of an often fatal type of brain tumour called Glioblastoma Multiforme GBM. A total of 79, malignant brain tumours over 21 years were analysed. They found that GBM cases in England went from around 1, a year in to just under 3, So, are our beloved palm-sized gadgets safe to use? Can the radiation emitted by cellphones really give you cancer? Yes, let that sink in.

Do mobile phones cause cancer?

This makes it even more important to recognize the risks associated with constant and long-term use, specifically, mobile phone radiation. The amount of radiation your phone will emit varies depending on your phone model. Here are 9 things to make sure that you can continue to enjoy your gadgets safely:. Whenever possible use air tube headsets when making phone calls and text instead of calling. Before sleeping at night, it is best to put away your smartphone in another room.

The Phones Emitting the Least Radiation

Nokia N gage Vintages mobile. Like new Condition as you can see from pictures always had a screen protector and back cover. Quality guaranteed used mobiles without a contract.