A differential sc amplifier song

Wenyi Song has filed for patents to protect the following inventions. SCR catalyst and its preparation method and applications. Patent number: Abstract: A method for preparing an SCR catalyst may include: 1 placing a first aqueous solution containing a titanium oxide and a tungstate in an electric field environment, adjusting the pH value of the first aqueous solution, and adjusting the current direction of the electric field environment to obtain a first mixture; 2 providing a second mixture by, in the electric field environment, adding dropwise a second aqueous solution containing a soluble salt of one or more active components, a copper-organic polyamine complex and a dispersant to the first mixture, and adjusting the current direction; and 3 processing the second mixture to obtain the SCR catalyst.

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• Song: JSSC Dec 1988 - Department of Electrical Engineering
• Fully Integrated Biopotential Acquisition Analog Front-End IC
• ISICAS 2020 Technical Program
• High-performance fully differential photodiode amplifier for miniature fiber-optic gyroscopes
• A Low-Power Low-Voltage High-Performance Fully Differential OTA in 65-nm CMOS Process
• US5880634A - Wide band-width operational amplifier - Google Patents
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Song: JSSC Dec 1988 - Department of Electrical Engineering

Social cues modulate the performance of communicative behaviors in a range of species, including humans, and such changes can make the communication signal more salient. In songbirds, males use song to attract females, and song organization can differ depending on the audience to which a male sings. For example, male zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata change their songs in subtle ways when singing to a female directed song compared with when they sing in isolation undirected song , and some of these changes depend on altered neural activity from a specialized forebrain-basal ganglia circuit, the anterior forebrain pathway AFP.

In particular, variable activity in the AFP during undirected song is thought to actively enable syllable variability, whereas the lower and less-variable AFP firing during directed singing is associated with more stereotyped song.

We tested female preferences for this natural variation in song in a behavioral approach assay, and we found that both mated and socially naive females could discriminate between directed and undirected song—and strongly preferred directed song. These preferences, which appeared to reflect attention especially to aspects of song variability controlled by the AFP, were enhanced by experience, as they were strongest for mated females responding to their mate's directed songs.

We then measured neural activity using expression of the immediate early gene product ZENK, and found that social context and song familiarity differentially modulated the number of ZENK-expressing cells in telencephalic auditory areas.

Specifically, the number of ZENK-expressing cells in the caudomedial mesopallium CMM was most affected by whether a song was directed or undirected, whereas the caudomedial nidopallium NCM was most affected by whether a song was familiar or unfamiliar. Together these data demonstrate that females detect and prefer the features of directed song and suggest that high-level auditory areas including the CMM are involved in this social perception.

Vocal communication in many species, including humans, is affected by social cues. In the zebra finch, for example, males make subtle changes to the length, tempo, and variability of their courtship songs directed songs relative to songs performed in isolation undirected songs. Using a behavioral approach assay, we found that female zebra finches strongly prefer the sound of directed over undirected song.

Interestingly, female preferences were influenced by the variability of note pitch, showing stronger preferences for directed songs when they were less variable in pitch than the undirected songs. Pitch variability is controlled by a forebrain—basal ganglia circuit, which may represent a neural substrate on which selection acts to shape behavior.

Preference for directed song was also increased when the singer was familiar to the listener, suggesting that song preferences are enhanced by experience. Based on the expression of an immediate early gene associated with memory formation and plasticity, we found that two high-level auditory areas were differentially responsive to the category of song females heard, with one area responding to whether songs were directed or undirected, and a second area to whether songs were familiar or unfamiliar.

Together, these data demonstrate that females detect and prefer the male's changed performance during courtship singing and suggest that neurons in high-level auditory areas are involved in this social perception. PLoS Biol 6 3 : e This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Across species and sensory modalities, associations between signal production and reception are critical for intraspecific communication, and receivers' preferences and biases can shape signal characteristics [ 1 ]. In addition to driving ultimate changes in signal characteristics, receivers can also have immediate influence on signal production, and the use of different signals or alteration of signals depending on the audience has been seen in a range of species including chickens [ 2 , 3 ], frogs [ 4 ], lizards [ 5 ], dolphins [ 6 ], humans [ 7 , 8 ], and songbirds [ 9 — 15 ].

For some of these changes, it has also been demonstrated that females, the intended audience for these signals, display preferences for the altered signals [ 16 — 22 ].

A particularly striking example of social context—dependent vocal change comes from humans, who alter not the amount or identity of utterances, but rather the pitch, intonation contours, and cadence of the speech they direct toward infants [ 7 , 8 ]. Infants have been shown to prefer this infant directed speech over adult-directed speech [ 23 , 24 ], and characteristics of infant-directed speech promote language learning [ 25 ]. Zebra finch males provide another such example, changing not only the quantity of their song [ 13 ] in response to females, but also its vocal quality.

Specifically, when singing to females directed song , they sing faster [ 13 , 26 , 27 ] and produce syllables with subtly but significantly less spectral variability [ 27 — 29 ] than when they sing alone undirected song. An advantage of studying zebra finches is that the neural basis of some of these changes in song is known.

In particular, social context—dependent changes in the spectral variability of song syllables depend on alterations in activity of a specialized forebrain—basal ganglia circuit known as the anterior forebrain pathway AFP. The large changes in IEG expression were surprising, given the minimal context-dependent differences in song, and led to the speculation that small differences in the song might be salient to females [ 30 ].

Subsequent studies of the outflow nucleus of the AFP using neurophysiology, stimulation, and lesions, in combination with detailed song analysis, showed that the AFP rapidly switches between firing states that actively enable song syllable variability—during undirected song—or that are associated with increased song stereotypy—in courting birds [ 27 , 31 , 32 ]. Activity in both normal and diseased mammalian basal ganglia may similarly be associated with behavioral plasticity versus stereotypy [ 33 — 36 ].

However, a pivotal aspect of the exploration versus performance hypothesis—that female zebra finches attend to directed—undirected differences in song and show a preference for the putative performance state—has not been tested. We addressed this question by using a behavioral approach assay and found that female zebra finches strongly prefer directed over undirected songs despite how relatively subtle the directed—undirected vocal differences are.

The preference for directed song was present in sexually naive as well as mated females, but the magnitude of the preference was influenced by song familiarity, with mated females showing the strongest responses to the directed songs of their mate. Moreover, the strength of preference in individual birds was correlated with an acoustic feature of song known to be controlled by the AFP, the spectral variability of syllables. To look broadly for neuronal populations that might be specifically involved in the females' social discrimination and preference, we used a marker for neuronal activation, the IEG ZENK the avian homologue of zif , egr-1 , NGFI-A , and Krox ZENK and other IEGs in higher telencephalic auditory areas of birds are selectively activated by song playback and show different responses to conspecific song, compared to heterospecific song, as well as to more subtle aspects of song [ 37 — 48 ].

Here we compared the number of ZENK-expressing cells in response to matched amounts of familiar directed and undirected songs, as well as unfamiliar directed songs. In the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis MLd in the ascending auditory system we found induction of similar numbers of ZENK-expressing cells in response to each of these stimuli, which suggests that in the MLd, the number of ZENK-expressing cells depends simply on the amount of song exposure.

However, in two high-level forebrain auditory areas, we found that the number of ZENK-expressing cells differed depending on the song's familiarity and social context.

The number of ZENK-expressing cells in the caudal medial nidopallium NCM , in accord with previous studies [ 49 — 51 ], was most strongly affected by unfamiliar songs, whereas in the caudal medial mesopallium CMM the number of ZENK-expressing cells was most strongly affected by directed songs.

Thus, consistent with the performance hypothesis, females prefer directed over undirected song, especially features controlled by the songbird pallial—basal ganglia circuit. Moreover, they show a neural correlate of this social preference in a central auditory area. To test whether females can both discriminate between two stimuli and express a preference for one stimulus type over another, we used a behavioral approach assay Figure 1 A, see Methods for details.

In the assay, females were placed between two speakers that alternately broadcast competing stimuli, and the amount of time individuals spend in the chamber near each speaker was recorded. We first confirmed the findings of previous studies [ 52 , 53 ], showing that mated females can discriminate their mate's directed song from the directed song of an unfamiliar conspecific and strongly prefer their mate's song.

Examples of familiar and unfamiliar stimuli used in the assay are illustrated in Figure 1 B. Hence, as depicted in Figure 1 B, the songs of different males are typically quite distinct and can be discriminated from each other based on a number of acoustic features.

In all experiments, females were excluded from the analysis if they failed to meet established criteria for demonstrating a preference see Methods and [ 52 , 53 ] for criteria , which for this experiment meant excluding only two females. All of the remaining 18 females spent significantly more time in the chamber that was broadcasting their mate's directed song than in the chamber broadcasting unfamiliar directed song.

These data both confirm previous reports that females can discriminate based on familiarity and indicate that our behavioral assay is effective, at least under conditions where there are very salient acoustic differences between stimuli. A Diagram of the two-choice behavior assay. Tests began when females were in the center chamber containing food, water, and a perch. Stimuli were played alternately from speakers at each end of the cage, and females moved freely into the side chambers.

Thick lines in the side and center chambers indicate perches. B Examples of a directed song bout from an unfamiliar male and directed and undirected song bouts from a mate.

Introductory notes are indicated with open lines, and motifs are indicated with black lines. In these examples, there are more motifs in both of the directed songs unfamiliar and mate's song than the undirected song. C Sonograms of single motifs from each of the song examples. These examples highlight the much greater differences between the songs of different birds e. A Mean percent of time spent in the unfamiliar directed and mate's directed song chambers.

Individuals are plotted as diamonds. B Mean percent of time spent in the mate's undirected and directed song chambers. We next asked whether females could discriminate between and show preferences for the directed and undirected songs of their mates. Acoustically, such a discrimination is likely to be a much more difficult task than differentiating between the songs of a mate and an unfamiliar male.

While the syllables that make up the core motif are often quite different between birds, the structure of the core motif is almost identical in the directed and undirected songs from the same bird Figure 1 C. Moreover, while there are a number of previously characterized differences in the acoustic structure of directed and undirected song [ 13 , 26 — 29 ], these song features are highly overlapping for individual songs.

Only three females were excluded from the analysis. All of the remaining 17 mated females spent significantly more time in the chamber broadcasting their mate's directed song than in the chamber broadcasting their mate's undirected song. These data clearly indicate that females attend to differences in the social context of their mate's songs and express a consistent preference for the directed song in our approach assay.

We performed two experiments to assess whether experience with a male or his songs was necessary for the preference for directed song. First, we investigated whether mated females detect and prefer generic features that differ between directed and undirected songs, or whether they attend only to specific features present in the songs of their mate. Each female was tested with the directed and undirected songs of six different unfamiliar males. All songs were from mated males whose mates had shown a significant preference for their directed song.

We found that mated females tested on these unfamiliar songs were influenced by whether the song was directed or undirected. A Mean percent of time that mated females spent in the unfamiliar undirected and directed song chambers for the four behavior tests on which females displayed a preference. B Mean percent of time that naive females spent in the unfamiliar undirected and directed song chambers.

Seven females showed significant preferences for at least one of the stimuli. Because some females responded to stimuli from more than one male, diamonds represent the average response for each female.

D Number of undirected and directed song bouts produced over a 6-h period by males housed with their mates. Naive females had never been mated and therefore their experience with directed song was limited to instances during tutoring, between 0 and 60 d, when their father sang song directed to his mate see Methods.

These data strongly suggest that there are generic context-dependent features of the songs that females can detect and for which they exhibit a differential preference. Further, this discrimination and preference does not rely on other experience such as the paired association of directed song with courtship and copulation interactions with males, and in addition, in the case of naive females, does not require substantial prior experience with directed and undirected songs or mating experience.

Whereas females that responded to unfamiliar stimuli showed a significant preference for directed song, familiarity was generally still an important variable.

One demonstration of the importance of familiarity is that mated and naive females tested on unfamiliar songs did not respond to all or even, in a small number of cases, any songs. For example, four mated females each responded to songs from only one of the six males on which they were tested, which means that there were responses on only four of 36 tests.

Two mated females did not respond to any of the stimuli. Similarly, there were responses on only 11 of 48 tests of naive females on songs from unfamiliar males, and one of the eight naive females tested did not respond to any of the stimuli. These data indicate that, while females tested on unfamiliar songs prefer directed over undirected songs, the degree of preference for directed song is accentuated when females are presented with the familiar songs of their mates.

For the mated females, we were additionally interested in whether the expressed preference for directed songs reflected a greater or exclusive exposure to directed songs. In many studies [ 26 , 27 , 29 — 31 ], directed song is collected by presenting a female to an isolated male, while undirected song is collected when the male is alone.

However, we were interested in whether mated males that have been cohabiting with their mate for months or years perform only directed song, or whether males sing undirected song despite the presence of their mate. To investigate this, we studied eight of our mated pairs, which had been housed together continuously for at least 4 mo prior to video recording, and scored 6-h videotapes of each pair for whether males were singing directed or undirected song.

In contrast, undirected song was performed while facing away from the female and without any courtship behaviors [ 15 , 30 ]. Based on these criteria, we found that males housed for extended periods with females performed both directed and undirected song in the presence of their mate. These data confirm the suggestion of [ 29 ], based on ZENK expression data, that males housed with females sing a mix of directed and undirected song.

Thus, we conclude that the preference for directed song among mated females is not simply a preference for the more familiar song, although we cannot rule out that the association of directed song with courtship behavior may be important for the preference.

We measured a number of aspects of the directed and undirected song stimuli used in our behavioral assay to investigate whether female preferences were correlated with particular acoustic features of song.

Fully Integrated Biopotential Acquisition Analog Front-End IC

Abstract In this paper, a fully differential telescopic operational amplifier design is presented which achieve both high dc gain and high unity-gain frequency. Trade-offs among such factors as bandwidth, gain, phase, margin, bias current, signal swing, slew rate, and power are made evidently. The characteristic of this kind of two-stage operational amplifier is investigated theoretically, in this paper. The results indicate that proposed two-stage operational amplifier achieves broader unity bandwidth, increases the DC gain.

ISICAS 2020 Technical Program

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High-performance fully differential photodiode amplifier for miniature fiber-optic gyroscopes

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A Low-Power Low-Voltage High-Performance Fully Differential OTA in 65-nm CMOS Process

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US5880634A - Wide band-width operational amplifier - Google Patents

Date: Aug. The proposed scheme has no limit on the theoretical conversion range and can be limitlessly expanded simply by allocating more bits to a counter, while keeping picosecond resolutions. Paper 2 Title: A 1. Strollo Institutes: Dept. Spread-spectrum techniques reduce the electromagnetic noise lowering harmonic peaks of the clock signal by means of frequency modulation. In System-on-Chips SoCs another requirement in many applications is the coexistence of both modulated and un-modulated clock domains. In these cases, suitable synchronization systems are used to allow data to cross the boundary between spread and un-spread clock domains. In this paper we present a spread-spectrum clock generator SSCG able to provide both spreaded and un-spreaded clocks.

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Quad dac vs dolby atmos

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