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World of Wonders
By all accounts, the operation—discovered in early December by the security firm FireEye, whose own closely guarded hacking tools were stolen—had been going on for at least nine months. Hackers believed to be agents of the Russian foreign intelligence service, SVR , appear to have embedded malware into a routine software upgrade from SolarWinds, a Texas-based IT company.
Another point of entry may have been a backdoor in software developed by a Czech company called JetBrains, run by Russian nationals, that supplies its software testing product, TeamCity, to , businesses around the world, one of which is SolarWinds.
In fact, as reported by The New York Times , the hackers used multiple strategies to compromise the networks of an estimated companies and federal agencies, including the Commerce Department, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the Department of Justice. None of the alarms put in place by the government or private companies to detect such intrusions was tripped.
The hackers launched the hack from inside the United States, which further made it difficult for the US government to observe their activity. Login credentials are for sale on the dark web, as Perlroth, who covers cybersecurity for The New York Times , found out when a hacker she was interviewing accurately relayed to her what she thought was her own clever and secure e-mail password. She quickly changed it and began using two-factor authentication.
Hackers can also gain entry to computer systems by phishing, in which they cast a wide net, indiscriminately sending official-looking e-mails to, say, the members of an organization or employees of a company, in an effort to trick at least one of them into sharing login credentials or opening a document spiked with malicious code. Spear-phishing is similar but targeted at a particular individual. An exploit is typically defined as an attack on a computer system that takes advantage of a weakness or error in its code.
Cybercriminals and hackers have also been aided by the theft and subsequent release of Vault 7, an arsenal of hacking tools developed by or for the CIA that WikiLeaks conveniently organized and archived.
In that one little snippet of a software update, you might be able to inject code into a web server that causes it to turn over the source code to the voicemail application….
Or you might find the gold mine—a remote code execution bug, the kind of bug that allows a hacker to run code of his choosing on the application from afar.
But they are relatively cheap compared with other weapons of mass destruction, and for sale in a market that is robust, largely out of sight, and welcoming to anyone with piles of cash at their disposal, whatever their motivation. This is not theoretical. In , Perlroth recounts, she was summoned by her bosses at The New York Times to be part of the small team of journalists from The Guardian , the Times , and ProPublica to examine and report on the classified documents stolen by the former NSA contractor Edward Snowden.
The trade in zero-days mirrors the expansion of digitization and connectivity that has come to define much of our lives, as well as the proliferation of the code that powers it.
In , the year that Mosaic, the first graphical browser, was released, fewer than 15 million people worldwide had access to the Internet from a mainframe or personal computer. Data was typically stored locally, on disks and paper; hard-drive capacity was severely limited.
Today there are close to five billion Internet users—well over half of the people on earth—and at least 30 billion Internet-connected devices, from smartphones to pacemakers to tractors to biometric sensors to surveillance systems, with new devices connected to the Web every second. Each one of them is vulnerable to an attack. In the early days of personal computing, hunting for flaws in software was the domain of hobbyists who rooted around software code for fun and bragging rights, not for profit.
Typically, in those early days, when hackers alerted software developers to the vulnerabilities in their code, they were ignored. Perlroth argues that Microsoft was so intent on dominating personal computing during the late s that it intentionally overlooked known flaws in its Internet Explorer browser that gave hackers access to Microsoft customers worldwide.
Then, a week after September 11, hackers launched what was then the biggest cyberattack in the world. Called Nimda, it infected e-mail, hard drives, and servers, and impeded Internet traffic.
Not surprisingly, Perlroth had a hard time getting anyone in this world to talk to her. To acknowledge their activities is to acknowledge a business whose principals largely would like to keep hidden. Eventually, Perlroth tracked down a man—she gives him the name Jimmy Sabien—who had been a zero-day broker in the early s. In true cloak-and-dagger style, buyers would show up at a transaction site with duffel bags full of cash.
Since then, the prices have skyrocketed and the buyers have proliferated. The attack is widely believed to have been a joint Israeli-American operation, though neither country has claimed credit for it. The consequence has been an inscrutable yet escalating arms race that appears to have no limit. Because cyberweapons are inexpensive in comparison with traditional ordnance and are available for anyone to discover, they have diminished the security advantage held by countries with outsize defense budgets.
Shortly after the Stuxnet attack, for example, Iran mobilized what it claimed was the fourth-largest cyber army in the world, which then unleashed a sustained two-year assault on forty-six American banks and financial companies that shut people out of their accounts and cost those institutions millions of dollars. The hackers also breached the controls of an American dam.
While it was the wrong one—the hackers apparently confused a small dam in Westchester County, New York, with a major dam in Oregon—it demonstrated the threat to essential, life-sustaining infrastructure posed by weaponized computer code. Perlroth recalls seeing a young Iranian at a hacking conference in Miami demonstrate how to break into the power grid in five seconds:. With his access to the grid, [he] told us, he could do just about anything he wanted: sabotage data, turn off the lights, blow up a pipeline or chemical plant by manipulating its pressure and temperature gauges.
He casually described each step as if he were telling us how to install a spare tire, instead of the world-ending cyberkinetic attack that officials feared imminent. Workers watched the attack unfold over three to five minutes and, when it was over, immediately restored the chemical composition of the water.
Industrial control systems, many of which are poorly defended, have become a preferred target of malicious actors aiming to undermine civil society. Years ago, when American intelligence agencies added the exploitation of coding errors to their surveillance tool kit, the practice must have seemed like a systems upgrade: instead of having to trail a suspected terrorist, for example, one could simply hack into his phone to acquire a comprehensive account of where he went, who he communicated with, and what they said.
Instead of having to get a warrant to tap that phone, they could listen in on the underwater fiber-optic cables that carried Internet traffic. Four years later, according to documents leaked by Snowden, President Obama directed senior intelligence officers to come up with a list of potential cyberattack targets, including foreign infrastructure and computer systems.
One fundamental difference between traditional weapons and digital weapons is that traditional weapons are tactile objects that exist in the material world. Digital ordnance is obscure—a hieroglyphics of zeros and ones that begins with a coding error that could have been discovered by multiple hackers and be stored in any number of nation-state, criminal, or terrorist arsenals. And then there was the broker who believed he could tell, magically, if the buyers of his exploits were—true to their word—planning on using them exclusively on bad guys.
But when one of his clients, an Italian firm called the Hacking Team, was itself hacked, leaked e-mails and invoices conclusively showed that the Hacking Team was supplying digital weapons to some of the most egregious human rights abusers on the planet, including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates UAE.
Those countries are also buying the services of former elite NSA hackers, lured by exorbitant salaries and luxurious lifestyles. When a former NSA employee named David Evenden moved to the UAE in to work for the Abu Dhabi government under the auspices of an American security contractor called CyberPoint , he was told—and he assumed—he was helping an ally fight the war on terror. Before long he was also tunneling deep into the networks of Qatar and its royals—again under the guise of sniffing out terrorists—which segued into spear-phishing human rights activists and journalists.
At the request of his Emirati bosses, Evenden wrote what he thought was a dummy e-mail inviting a British journalist to a fake human rights conference, just to show them how such an e-mail could be used to collect all sorts of personal information once the recipient opened it.
Subsequently, Perlroth writes:. Is it naive to imagine that there could ever be an ethics to this market? While black-market zero-day sellers have been criminally prosecuted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, that law exempts gray-market brokers who sell to the government. Therein lies the hitch.
As long as the discovery and trade in zero-days can be justified on the grounds of national security, there will be little incentive to regulate it. But as long as the government is committed to stockpiling zero-days and keeping their existence secret, rather than revealing them in order to get them patched, national—as well as international—security is also at risk.
Further complicating efforts to impose constraints on the sale, weaponization, and deployment of zero-days and other cyberweapons is the global reach of digital technology, including the Internet itself. Without international agreements, national regulation alone may lead to perceived or real vulnerabilities. But despite the potential dangers that cyberweapons pose, the nature of those weapons makes them unamenable to conventional arms control treaties. How, for instance, can cyberweapons, whose power derives from their secrecy, be monitored?
Countries have gotten good at plausible deniability. A more manageable strategy has been to try to get countries to agree not to attack hospitals, the electric grid, and other critical infrastructure, but even that has been fraught. For a brief moment in , during UN-brokered conversations between Obama and Chinese president Xi Jinping—in which they agreed, in principle, to abide by a such an accord—a limited but essential brake on the most dangerous uses of cyberweapons seemed possible.
In , after a two-year slowdown, Chinese hackers—who had already stolen blueprints for the F fighter jet—resumed aggressively infiltrating American computer networks. In early February of this year the FBI discovered that China, too, had hacked SolarWinds software and gained access to data at the Department of Agriculture and, most likely, other government agencies.
The hackers also installed malware that will allow them to return to those systems in the future. Though the evolution to cyber offense was probably the inevitable corollary of the global reach of the Internet, This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends gives a persuasive argument that Panetta and Hayden were wrong. Best of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest.
Artificial intelligence does not come to us as a deus ex machina but, rather, through a number of dehumanizing extractive practices, of which most of us are unaware. She is a Scholar in Residence at Middlebury.
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The 50 Best Fantasy Books of the 21st Century (So Far)
These plants provide essential genetic resources to develop robust crops. Far more than a list of species and their status, it is a powerful tool to inform and catalyze action for biodiversity conservation and policy change, critical to protecting the natural resources we need to survive. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. A taxon is Near Threatened NT when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered , Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. A taxon is Vulnerable VU when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable, and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. A taxon is Endangered EN when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. A taxon is Critically Endangered CR when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
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Jump to navigation. Join Us to Celebrate Milkweed's 40th Anniversary! From beloved, award-winning poet Aimee Nezhukumatathil comes a debut work of nonfiction—a collection of essays about the natural world, and the way its inhabitants can teach, support, and inspire us. As a child, Nezhukumatathil called many places home: the grounds of a Kansas mental institution, where her Filipina mother was a doctor; the open skies and tall mountains of Arizona, where she hiked with her Indian father; and the chillier climes of western New York and Ohio. Even in the strange and the unlovely, Nezhukumatathil finds beauty and kinship. Warm, lyrical, and gorgeously illustrated by Fumi Nakamura, World of Wonders is a book of sustenance and joy. Aimee Nezhukumatathil is the author of World of Wonders , an illustrated essay collection, as well as of four books of poetry, including, most recently, Oceanic , winner of the Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters Award. Nezhukumatathil has written a timely story about love, identity and belonging.
Answers to Kids' Questions About Butterflies
Monarch, having been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer base because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Opening a cafe to complement a book store might, at first glance, seem a very plausible option to expand business. However, upon deep analysis of assumptions, in which above conclusion is predicated on, we can easily cast doubt on the rationality of conclusion. Firstly, above argument claims that Monarch Books would be able to retain its huge costumer base — or even add more- if it builds a cafe. But, this assumption is not based on any studies or survey of costumers; costumer preference is not taken into account, and the claim is made without any concrete reason.
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Each fall, hundreds of millions of monarch butterflies migrate from the United States and Canada to mountains in central Mexico where they wait out the winter until conditions favor a return flight in the spring. The monarch migration is truly one of the world's greatest natural wonders yet it is threatened by habitat loss at overwintering grounds in Mexico and throughout breeding areas in the United States and Canada. Monarch Waystations are places that provide resources necessary for monarchs to produce successive generations and sustain their migration. Without milkweeds throughout their spring and summer breeding areas in North America, monarchs would not be able to produce the successive generations that culminate in the migration each fall. Similarly, without nectar from flowers these fall migratory monarch butterflies would be unable to make their long journey to overwintering grounds in Mexico. The need for host plants for larvae and energy sources for adults applies to all monarch and butterfly populations around the world.
Weaponizing the Web
Written pseudonymously by "A Square", [1] the book used the fictional two-dimensional world of Flatland to comment on the hierarchy of Victorian culture, but the novella's more enduring contribution is its examination of dimensions. Several films have been made from the story, including the feature film Flatland Other efforts have been short or experimental films, including one narrated by Dudley Moore and the short films Flatland: The Movie and Flatland 2: Sphereland The story describes a two-dimensional world occupied by geometric figures, whereof women are simple line-segments, while men are polygons with various numbers of sides. The narrator is a square , a member of the caste of gentlemen and professionals, who guides the readers through some of the implications of life in two dimensions. The first half of the story goes through the practicalities of existing in a two-dimensional universe as well as a history leading up to the year on the eve of the 3rd Millennium. On New Year's Eve, the Square dreams about a visit to a one-dimensional world Lineland inhabited by "lustrous points".
21. World War I & Its Aftermath
But Halloween actually originated with the Celts in parts of Europe. Specifically, it dates back to Celtic Festival of Samhain, which took place to mark the end of summer and the beginning of a long cold winter. The Celts believed on that night before the new year the boundary between the world of the living and the dead blurred.
Butterfly fans, take a breath. Monarch butterfly populations are endangered, to the point that the 1. Here are ways we can help them survive. All this demand is good news, right? No yard? No problem.
The main character, Stella, becomes a "Spiritfarer" whose job is to ferry spirits of the deceased to the afterlife. It received generally positive reviews from critics praising its slow-paced gameplay, detailed animation, orchestral musical score and unique. And Luke Skywalker has become the first in a long-awaited line of Jedi Knights. But thousand of light-years away, the last of the emperor's warlords has taken command of the shattered Imperial Fleet, readied it for war, and pointed it at the fragile heart of the new Republic. For this dark warrior has made two vital discoveries that could destroy everything the courageous men and women of the Rebel Alliance fought so hard to build.
However, as The Hobbit has been in print for over 80 years and The Lord of the Rings for over 60 years the list of possible titles, and the range of their quality, is naturally rather large. Below you will find a most certainly not exhausted list of critical works for new and experienced readers to help them expand on their reading of The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and other works. There have been updates and additions by Will Sherwood.
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